A ripple in development? - Channel Research

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livelihoods. Consequently, access to these available resources by these households should result in less poverty. For example, if a district received funding under the category of credit and loans for small and medium enterprise development, households in that district could adjust their income generating activities to directly/indirectly take advantage of this new injection of resources. As such, this analytical approach attempts to match external aid to what households report about their income generating activities. This matching approach is justified on the grounds that initially in both Aceh and Sri Lanka, humanitarian access to the conflict affected areas which also suffered damage from the tsunami was limited. Aid was specifically regulated and targeted to tsunami affected, but non-conflict affected areas only. After trying to match aid flows by geographical areas and types and extent of livelihood activities, what cannot be directly attributed to international aid actors would then be related to (i) the affected population’s own efforts (ii) market mechanisms (iii) central and local government efforts. 3.2 Targeting of aid on poverty in Aceh and Nias Statistical evidence leads one to conclude that the effects of aid assistance on poverty levels have by and large been positive as is evident from the table below, where there are fewer poor households in 2005 (after the tsunami) compared to 2004 (before the tsunami). This data comes from the Indonesian Census Bureau (Badan Pusat Statistik) and World Bank. This is especially the case in rural areas. The positive effects of aid is based on the assumption that during the three decades of conflict, the economy in Aceh Province was close to being halted, and after the tsunami injections of financial aid contributed to poverty reduction. Table 2 Percentage of Poor Households in Aceh Province 2004–2006 2004 2005 2006 % % % Aceh Province 28.4 32.6 26.5 Urban 17.6 20.4 14.7 Rural 32.6 36.2 30.1 Indonesia 16.7 16.0 17.8 Source: BPS data and World Bank staff calculations. It is not clear whether these poor households became poor temporarily because of the damage caused by the tsunami or because they were already the long term poor affected by the conflict. 54
The positive effects of aid assistance may be diluted when studying how aid was targeted. Based on the figure above, in 2005 funds disbursed were larger in the capital city of Banda Aceh and this was presumably because of the ease of humanitarian access. However with reference to the figure below, Banda Aceh had the lowest percentage of poor households in its local population in 2004 (we do not have figures of aid assistance per head of poor people to make the comparison clearer). This can be seen in the following figures where the percentage of the population living below the poverty line is the lowest for Banda Aceh compared to the rest of the districts in the province. When looked at from another angle, in terms of the highest number of IDPs recorded in the immediate period after the tsunami, again it was not Banda Aceh that ranked highest. This can be seen in Map 1 where the districts of Aceh Besar, Pidie and Aceh Barat had between 60,000–150,000 IDPs compared to Banda Aceh which recorded 30,000–60,000 IDPs. Based on either the measurement of poverty or number of IDPs, Banda Aceh was not deserving of the highest amount of aid money as compared to other administrative areas. As such the accuracy of targeting based on poverty needs in 2005 is questionable. Looking back at the findings from LRRD1 quantitative survey, households interviewed at the time also questioned whether assistance was forthcoming from any of the rehabilitation oriented policies. Table 3a Aid disbursement flows for economic development (by district) 2004 55
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A ripple in development? Long term
Page 4 and 5:
Authors: Emery Brusset (team leader
Page 6 and 7: 5 Risk reduction...................
Page 8 and 9: NGO OCHA Sida TEC TOR UN UNDP UNFPA
Page 10 and 11: State and civil society The interve
Page 12 and 13: tion is not complete, the achieveme
Page 14 and 15: For donor governments Strengthen lo
Page 16 and 17: 14. NGOs and UN agencies should see
Page 18 and 19: We would like to warmly thank all t
Page 20 and 21: ilitation and development (Linking
Page 22 and 23: Consequently, our study has asked:
Page 24 and 25: the style of the text in the evalua
Page 26 and 27: The team, however, enjoyed privileg
Page 28 and 29: Table 1 Summary of interviews by ca
Page 30 and 31: was the local level administration
Page 33 and 34: 2 The state and civil society 2.1 I
Page 35 and 36: On the other hand, the public’s p
Page 37 and 38: Although there is here a natural ha
Page 39 and 40: struction process, and unpredictabi
Page 41 and 42: cial structures. The context for in
Page 43 and 44: In the Maldives, the level of destr
Page 45 and 46: In Sri Lanka despite strong mobilis
Page 47 and 48: increase at the local level, the pr
Page 49 and 50: to the status quo ante, have limite
Page 51 and 52: 3 Poverty, livelihoods and economic
Page 53 and 54: This evaluation has taken account o
Page 55: income by carrying out petty tradin
Page 59 and 60: Table 3e Aid disbursement flows for
Page 61 and 62: the tsunami affected areas. The Ace
Page 63 and 64: In 2005 prior to the peace agreemen
Page 65 and 66: In general, the main household inco
Page 67 and 68: omy. The Acehnese tend to have expe
Page 69 and 70: “The relatively limited economic
Page 71 and 72: was perceived to be played by NGOs,
Page 73: Yet the potential for change is cre
Page 76 and 77: Shelter and housing have been salie
Page 78 and 79: example in health or women’s live
Page 80 and 81: gramme is one of the key factors be
Page 82 and 83: not been sufficiently guided in rec
Page 84 and 85: Sri Lanka’s mainstream programme
Page 86 and 87: However, there are exceptions in bo
Page 89 and 90: 5 Risk reduction 5.1 Introduction T
Page 91 and 92: Indonesia also has new legislation
Page 93 and 94: Tsunamis present a relatively rare
Page 95 and 96: There is an issue also with the “
Page 97 and 98: More positively, the second type of
Page 99 and 100: 6 Capacity development 6.1 Introduc
Page 101 and 102: and Italy. The Programme’s object
Page 103 and 104: sulted communities in the east to c
Page 105 and 106: things to many actors over time res
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The use of information plays a cons
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7 Conclusions The conclusions here
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The following figure illustrates th
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7.3 The need to give greater effect
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Attention has not yet focused on ar
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7.8 Overall conclusion The risk of
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8 Recommendations The recommendatio
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8.2 For donor governments Strengthe
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43. Conflict sensitivity analysis s
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Appendix 1 Terms of reference 1 Int
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1.2 The LRRD concept 4 LRRD is a mu
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The efforts of the international ai
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2.2.1 Thematic questions A. The ret
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c) How have the micro-politics of l
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Particular issues to be reviewed in
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In order to obtain relevant materia
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Within two weeks prior to commencin
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Appendix 2 Details of methodology A
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District Sub District Samples Total
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Appendix 3 List of persons and grou
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Surname, Forenames Dilreshi Dirhams
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Surname, Forenames Krassnitzer, Joh
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Surname, Forenames Organisation and
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Surname, Forenames Tveitnes, Ranvei
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Date Attendees No. of ♂ No. of
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This report is a follow-up evaluati
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