A ripple in development? - Channel Research

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7.4 The economic effect of aid is significant but not targeted The linkages have had a significant effect on the economic performance of relief and recovery efforts within communities, but have not occurred as the result of intention and design. In Aceh (and to a far lesser extent in Nias, due to its relative geographic isolation) the humanitarian effort resulted in an effective livelihood security protection (reconstitution of lost assets) and could ensure handover to development actors thanks to an expanding economy. However, the focus of aid flows in general has been on areas that were both affected and more accessible (Banda Aceh and not Nias), which shows partial relevance to real need. On the other hand in Sri Lanka and the Maldives the transition from relief to livelihoods is much more tenuous, as regards aid programmes. This is due to the absence of adequate linkages within rehabilitation programmes to markets and structural programmes which has stemmed from an insufficient knowledge of contextual realities regarding the needs and vulnerabilities of different livelihood groups. In the Maldives on the other hand, while the (worst affected) sector of tourism has been able to recover to pre-tsunami levels thanks to the availability of massive private sector resources, small-scale and often home-based livelihood activities such as agriculture, home gardening, tailoring etc. undertaken by women on the islands have found it much harder to recover. This has been largely due to the relative isolation of these island communities from the main markets in the capital, Male, as well as to repeated displacement caused by the relocation of entire communities from temporary shelters to new ‘safer’ islands after a period of four years. The post-tsunami reconstruction programmes had a significant economic impact, pouring large amounts of money into the local economies. This was particularly evident in Aceh were national flows have been greater than international flows. However, impact beyond the construction boom is much harder to find. Humanitarian aid agencies, with limited expertise and resources for long term planning, and have been hampered by poor public policies. In LRRD, there is no clear distinction for the type of poverty or vulnerability which should be targeted at a given phase, with the result that different objectives are being pursued, sometimes with contradictory results. Linkages have had a clear effect where market conditions could be reinstated, but disparities between areas remain a challenge. Where there is little market access for the population the benefits of relief wear off over time, and development does not begin. The organisations that work at the grass roots are ill equipped for long term planning, and further hampered by poor public policies and lack of access to the populations. 112
Attention has not yet focused on areas with the greatest need of development in Aceh and Nias. As demonstrated earlier in this report in the discussion on financial aid flows, donors have by and large been unable to override government policy to redirect development funding towards the historically more marginalised and deprived areas. The category of “tsunami affected” is in fact becoming more a hindrance than a contribution to recovery. This relates to economic structure, dominated by oil and gas exports. Agriculture and fishing, in which many people are engaged, offers few growth opportunities, while coffee, for example, mostly found in non-tsunami affected areas, is the highest contributor to exports. 7.5 Social fabric is best restored by integrated action Shelter, housing and habitat have dominated the reconstruction activities, and there has been a progressive integration of the aid programmes within the communities, as field presence became more continuous and work with construction contractors more limited. Housing is considered by the affected population as a priority, and receives a high rating – particularly when it is driven by community ownership, and informed by a strong knowledge of local reality and interventions address some particular needs for psychological recovery. Social fabric has by and large been reconstituted, with the exception of the areas affected by intense warfare in the east and north of Sri Lanka, and lingering community resentments in some Maldivian islands. The most successful interventions are those that have promoted integrated approaches, touching on a broad variety of sectors, and are linked to longer term development planning. These strategies have been however difficult to formulate in all three countries, due to policy fragmentation, excessively isolated initiatives, or political confusion. Humanitarian assistance organisations have a sectoral specialisation, which reduces the ability to take responsibility for populations in an area. It also reduces access to holistic information, while the local administration is not very able to ensure or handle the handover. Shelter, housing and habitat are a priority for the population, but should be driven by community initiative, and informed by a strong knowledge of local reality. Agencies have tended to allow immediate objectives to determine their work, to the detriment of conflict sensitivity. However it is interesting to note that whereas early on the distribution of aid led to rent seeking and elite capture (amply described in LRRD1), this has been reversed over time through rehabilitation activities, with elites now feeling occasionally threatened by the egalitarian nature of pro-poor targeting within communities. This fact points to the need for aid agencies to maintain a strong focus on cultural appropriateness. 113
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A ripple in development? Long term
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Authors: Emery Brusset (team leader
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5 Risk reduction...................
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NGO OCHA Sida TEC TOR UN UNDP UNFPA
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State and civil society The interve
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tion is not complete, the achieveme
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For donor governments Strengthen lo
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14. NGOs and UN agencies should see
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We would like to warmly thank all t
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ilitation and development (Linking
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Consequently, our study has asked:
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the style of the text in the evalua
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The team, however, enjoyed privileg
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Table 1 Summary of interviews by ca
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was the local level administration
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2 The state and civil society 2.1 I
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On the other hand, the public’s p
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Although there is here a natural ha
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struction process, and unpredictabi
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cial structures. The context for in
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In the Maldives, the level of destr
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In Sri Lanka despite strong mobilis
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increase at the local level, the pr
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to the status quo ante, have limite
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3 Poverty, livelihoods and economic
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This evaluation has taken account o
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income by carrying out petty tradin
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The positive effects of aid assista
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Table 3e Aid disbursement flows for
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the tsunami affected areas. The Ace
Page 63 and 64: In 2005 prior to the peace agreemen
Page 65 and 66: In general, the main household inco
Page 67 and 68: omy. The Acehnese tend to have expe
Page 69 and 70: “The relatively limited economic
Page 71 and 72: was perceived to be played by NGOs,
Page 73: Yet the potential for change is cre
Page 76 and 77: Shelter and housing have been salie
Page 78 and 79: example in health or women’s live
Page 80 and 81: gramme is one of the key factors be
Page 82 and 83: not been sufficiently guided in rec
Page 84 and 85: Sri Lanka’s mainstream programme
Page 86 and 87: However, there are exceptions in bo
Page 89 and 90: 5 Risk reduction 5.1 Introduction T
Page 91 and 92: Indonesia also has new legislation
Page 93 and 94: Tsunamis present a relatively rare
Page 95 and 96: There is an issue also with the “
Page 97 and 98: More positively, the second type of
Page 99 and 100: 6 Capacity development 6.1 Introduc
Page 101 and 102: and Italy. The Programme’s object
Page 103 and 104: sulted communities in the east to c
Page 105 and 106: things to many actors over time res
Page 107 and 108: The use of information plays a cons
Page 109 and 110: 7 Conclusions The conclusions here
Page 111 and 112: The following figure illustrates th
Page 113: 7.3 The need to give greater effect
Page 117 and 118: 7.8 Overall conclusion The risk of
Page 119 and 120: 8 Recommendations The recommendatio
Page 121 and 122: 8.2 For donor governments Strengthe
Page 123 and 124: 43. Conflict sensitivity analysis s
Page 125 and 126: Appendix 1 Terms of reference 1 Int
Page 127 and 128: 1.2 The LRRD concept 4 LRRD is a mu
Page 129 and 130: The efforts of the international ai
Page 131 and 132: 2.2.1 Thematic questions A. The ret
Page 133 and 134: c) How have the micro-politics of l
Page 135 and 136: Particular issues to be reviewed in
Page 137 and 138: In order to obtain relevant materia
Page 139 and 140: Within two weeks prior to commencin
Page 141 and 142: Appendix 2 Details of methodology A
Page 143 and 144: District Sub District Samples Total
Page 145 and 146: Appendix 3 List of persons and grou
Page 147 and 148: Surname, Forenames Dilreshi Dirhams
Page 149 and 150: Surname, Forenames Krassnitzer, Joh
Page 151 and 152: Surname, Forenames Organisation and
Page 153 and 154: Surname, Forenames Tveitnes, Ranvei
Page 155 and 156: Date Attendees No. of ♂ No. of
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This report is a follow-up evaluati
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A ripple in development? - Channel Research

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