A ripple in development? - Channel Research

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ilitation and development (Linking Relief Rehabilitation and Development or LRRD). We shed light on this issue by asking how have the populations been impacted by the recovery efforts? And how much of that can be traced back to the manner in which the various initiatives came together in a well coordinated and cohesive manner? The strength of the LRRD concept lies in the breadth and range of what it can cover: all those agencies and organisations which have had an influence on the lives of the affected populations are considered to be part of this evaluation. At the same time it is abstract, as the aim is not to evaluate any single action or initiative (for example a dedicated trust fund or an NGO project) but to evaluate the combined impact of the different interventions which formed the overall recovery effort. The notion of LRRD in fact forms an intrinsic part of current efforts within the international humanitarian community to improve the quality of risk reduction, emergency assistance, and development cooperation. From October 2005 to May 2006, four independent teams worked within the Tsunami Evaluation Coalition (TEC) to evaluate the LRRD dimensions of the international response to the tsunami in Indonesia and Sri Lanka. The reports were made public and contributed to the overall TEC synthesis findings, which have been widely published. Sida (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency), jointly with resources from the Governments of Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Netherlands, Norway, and Denmark, and with the participation of a broader group of academics and organisations that make up the Joint Steering Committee, commissioned Channel Research and three partners: Dara, AIDMI, and TeamC Voter, to carry out this follow-up evaluation of the previous Tsunami Evaluation on the Linkages between Relief, Rehabilitation and Development activities. As a period of four years has elapsed, the link to development activities, and the quality of linkages, is much more apparent than it was in 2005, hence justifying this second phase. The first evaluation contributed to the overall TEC conclusions about international efforts. It was designed to look at the effect of a single sudden onset disaster, a tidal wave of exceptional proportions, on the very different living conditions and recovery processes in Sri Lanka and Indonesia. The present evaluation takes place exactly three years after the first, and concerns the same two countries over the intervening period, and also the Maldives. Our findings are intended to contribute to the development of good practices for all actors, including national authorities and local associations. Our assessment is based on previous documented analyses, as well as on our own data collection in the affected countries, throwing light on planning and operations by a multitude of agencies (government, international and non-governmental, and the commercial sector). 18
As described in the Terms of Reference drawn up by the Joint Steering Committee, the assessment is presented in three outputs containing: 1. The summary evaluation report intended for a large public audience 2. The main detailed technical report 3. The Document Review covering the literature currently accessible For those wishing to refer to the mandate of the evaluation, this is contained in the Terms of Reference (ToR) in Appendix 1. Five themes, described below, structured our review of the ability of all agencies to link their efforts and respond to needs in a coherent, efficient, effective and sustainable manner. The ToR did not include human rights or aid management, which are treated indirectly in the analysis. The report has been written with contributions from the following team members: Emery Brusset (team leader) Mihir Bhatt (deputy team leader) Karen Bjornestad John Cosgrave Anne Davies Adriaan Ferf Yashwant Deshmukh Joohi Haleem Silvia Hidalgo Yulia Immajati Ramani Jayasundere Annina Mattsson Naushan Muhaimin Adam Pain Riccardo Polastro Treena Wu 1.2 Introducing LRRD The synthesis study on LRRD in the TEC reports (subsequently referred to as LRRD1) described LRRD not as a link between relief and development projects, but rather as “a transition whereby recovery comes to be led by the affected populations themselves”, in other words a population-driven effort. It implied a link to the population (how are all interventions linked to the initiatives of the population?) as well as a link between the institutions (how does emergency aid relate to governance efforts, for example?) and the phases of the interventions (short term emergency response, reconstruction and long-term development). For the purposes of this evaluation, we have used the notion of LRRD to mean relevant and effective interaction between relief, longer term rehabilitation, and pro-poor development, where relevance refers to the initiatives and needs of the population, and efficiency to synergies and avoidance of waste (through duplication or contradictory interventions). 19
Page 1: A ripple in development? Long term
Page 4 and 5: Authors: Emery Brusset (team leader
Page 6 and 7: 5 Risk reduction...................
Page 8 and 9: NGO OCHA Sida TEC TOR UN UNDP UNFPA
Page 10 and 11: State and civil society The interve
Page 12 and 13: tion is not complete, the achieveme
Page 14 and 15: For donor governments Strengthen lo
Page 16 and 17: 14. NGOs and UN agencies should see
Page 18 and 19: We would like to warmly thank all t
Page 22 and 23: Consequently, our study has asked:
Page 24 and 25: the style of the text in the evalua
Page 26 and 27: The team, however, enjoyed privileg
Page 28 and 29: Table 1 Summary of interviews by ca
Page 30 and 31: was the local level administration
Page 33 and 34: 2 The state and civil society 2.1 I
Page 35 and 36: On the other hand, the public’s p
Page 37 and 38: Although there is here a natural ha
Page 39 and 40: struction process, and unpredictabi
Page 41 and 42: cial structures. The context for in
Page 43 and 44: In the Maldives, the level of destr
Page 45 and 46: In Sri Lanka despite strong mobilis
Page 47 and 48: increase at the local level, the pr
Page 49 and 50: to the status quo ante, have limite
Page 51 and 52: 3 Poverty, livelihoods and economic
Page 53 and 54: This evaluation has taken account o
Page 55 and 56: income by carrying out petty tradin
Page 57 and 58: The positive effects of aid assista
Page 59 and 60: Table 3e Aid disbursement flows for
Page 61 and 62: the tsunami affected areas. The Ace
Page 63 and 64: In 2005 prior to the peace agreemen
Page 65 and 66: In general, the main household inco
Page 67 and 68: omy. The Acehnese tend to have expe
Page 69 and 70: “The relatively limited economic
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was perceived to be played by NGOs,
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Yet the potential for change is cre
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Shelter and housing have been salie
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example in health or women’s live
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gramme is one of the key factors be
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not been sufficiently guided in rec
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Sri Lanka’s mainstream programme
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However, there are exceptions in bo
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5 Risk reduction 5.1 Introduction T
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Indonesia also has new legislation
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Tsunamis present a relatively rare
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There is an issue also with the “
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More positively, the second type of
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6 Capacity development 6.1 Introduc
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and Italy. The Programme’s object
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sulted communities in the east to c
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things to many actors over time res
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The use of information plays a cons
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7 Conclusions The conclusions here
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The following figure illustrates th
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7.3 The need to give greater effect
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Attention has not yet focused on ar
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7.8 Overall conclusion The risk of
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8 Recommendations The recommendatio
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8.2 For donor governments Strengthe
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43. Conflict sensitivity analysis s
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Appendix 1 Terms of reference 1 Int
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1.2 The LRRD concept 4 LRRD is a mu
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The efforts of the international ai
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2.2.1 Thematic questions A. The ret
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c) How have the micro-politics of l
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Particular issues to be reviewed in
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In order to obtain relevant materia
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Within two weeks prior to commencin
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Appendix 2 Details of methodology A
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District Sub District Samples Total
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Appendix 3 List of persons and grou
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Surname, Forenames Dilreshi Dirhams
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Surname, Forenames Krassnitzer, Joh
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Surname, Forenames Organisation and
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Surname, Forenames Tveitnes, Ranvei
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Date Attendees No. of ♂ No. of
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This report is a follow-up evaluati
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