A ripple in development? - Channel Research

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complex, but appeared to be based in a fundamental change of attitude towards risk since the tsunami. In Indonesia different ministries are responsible for different disasters types and the data systems differ and are not compatible. This is on the agenda for the new institutions however, and the issue is being discussed on how to standardise the early warning systems and thereby improve the monitoring of disaster risks. In the Maldives attention has returned strongly to the greatest long term threat, that of sea level rise due to climate change. There is now an early warning system in operation in the Maldives for tsunamis and other hazards such as tropical cyclones. Previously there was no system for early warning at any level. 5.4 Changes in awareness Awareness of risk was frequently given by those interviewed as the biggest impact of the tsunami and the tsunami response. In Sri Lanka, many interviewees credited the tsunami itself (rather than any specific post-tsunami awareness-raising) with bringing about a profound change of attitude towards risk. The change in attitude was much stronger in Sri Lanka than in Indonesia as can be seen from the surveys carried out for the LRRD1 and for this particular evaluation. Figure 4: Changes in the perception of risk Question: “Which of the following future threats or risks to your household are you worried about?” with Natural Disasters as one of the potential sources of worry. Sources: Survey of the affected population 2008 LRRD evaluations. As natural disasters are relatively more common in Indonesia it is not surprising that nearly half of those surveyed were worried about natural disasters to at least some extent before the tsunami. In Sri Lanka, while 80% of respondents reported that they were not at all worried about natural disasters before the tsunami, only 20% reported a similar outlook after the disaster. However, by late 2008, the proportion of respondents unworried by natural disaster had risen to 30.4%. 90
Tsunamis present a relatively rare hazard for Sri Lanka. Floods, landslides, and cyclones present far more common hazards, although they are generally limited to specific geographical areas. As well as work with coastal communities, there has also been far more limited work with communities exposed to flood and landslide hazards. One could argue that the shock of the tsunami led to greater willingness not only to sign up to the Hyogo Framework for Action 75 , but also to implement it. The tsunami led people everywhere who lived on the coast to wonder: “Can it happen here?”. 76 Interestingly, while the percentage of respondents indicating that they were worried to an extent about natural disaster declined in Sri Lanka from 81% immediately after the tsunami to 55% four years after, in Indonesia the percentage of respondents worried about natural disasters increased from 77% to 91% over the same time period. The reasons for this are not clear. It may be due to people in Aceh now paying more attention to natural disasters occurring elsewhere in Indonesia. These would serve as a reminder of the hazards they face themselves. During the interviews with the population in Indonesia it became apparent that the perception of risk has heightened, and it is being discussed on a regular basis between family members, friends and colleagues. This indicates that the population is now more aware of risks than before the Tsunami and also more worried. The population seems to be following the Government’s initiatives on risk reducing measures more closely now. 5.5 Risk reduction The major tsunami risk reduction measure was the banning of construction of housing in the buffer zone. The size of the buffer zone in Sri Lanka was significantly reduced after the 2005 elections. Other planning activities on risk reduction include new building regulations for housing in landslide prone areas. In Sri Lanka there has also been some attention to river basin risks, and a there is a large project looking at river protection works for the most troublesome rivers. The buffer zones represented a major attempt to reduce disaster risk through physical planning. In Indonesia buffer zones were identified just after the Tsunami. However, pressure from those wanting to rebuild meant that the ideal was quickly shelved. Given that the planning restrictions were set aside or moderated in response to public pressure, it is surprising that the survey found so many supported the buffer zone. 75 ISDR. (2005). Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters: Extract from the final report of the World Conference on Disaster Reduction: 18–22 January 2005, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan. Geneva: International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. The Framework is the predominant policy framework ratified by practically all members of the UN. 76 Ikelman, J. (2007, 03 October). There and Back Again: Old Tsunami Data Come Full Circle. Retrieved 20 November 2008 91
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A ripple in development? Long term
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Authors: Emery Brusset (team leader
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5 Risk reduction...................
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NGO OCHA Sida TEC TOR UN UNDP UNFPA
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State and civil society The interve
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tion is not complete, the achieveme
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For donor governments Strengthen lo
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14. NGOs and UN agencies should see
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We would like to warmly thank all t
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ilitation and development (Linking
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Consequently, our study has asked:
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the style of the text in the evalua
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The team, however, enjoyed privileg
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Table 1 Summary of interviews by ca
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was the local level administration
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2 The state and civil society 2.1 I
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On the other hand, the public’s p
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Although there is here a natural ha
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struction process, and unpredictabi
Page 41 and 42: cial structures. The context for in
Page 43 and 44: In the Maldives, the level of destr
Page 45 and 46: In Sri Lanka despite strong mobilis
Page 47 and 48: increase at the local level, the pr
Page 49 and 50: to the status quo ante, have limite
Page 51 and 52: 3 Poverty, livelihoods and economic
Page 53 and 54: This evaluation has taken account o
Page 55 and 56: income by carrying out petty tradin
Page 57 and 58: The positive effects of aid assista
Page 59 and 60: Table 3e Aid disbursement flows for
Page 61 and 62: the tsunami affected areas. The Ace
Page 63 and 64: In 2005 prior to the peace agreemen
Page 65 and 66: In general, the main household inco
Page 67 and 68: omy. The Acehnese tend to have expe
Page 69 and 70: “The relatively limited economic
Page 71 and 72: was perceived to be played by NGOs,
Page 73: Yet the potential for change is cre
Page 76 and 77: Shelter and housing have been salie
Page 78 and 79: example in health or women’s live
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Page 82 and 83: not been sufficiently guided in rec
Page 84 and 85: Sri Lanka’s mainstream programme
Page 86 and 87: However, there are exceptions in bo
Page 89 and 90: 5 Risk reduction 5.1 Introduction T
Page 91: Indonesia also has new legislation
Page 95 and 96: There is an issue also with the “
Page 97 and 98: More positively, the second type of
Page 99 and 100: 6 Capacity development 6.1 Introduc
Page 101 and 102: and Italy. The Programme’s object
Page 103 and 104: sulted communities in the east to c
Page 105 and 106: things to many actors over time res
Page 107 and 108: The use of information plays a cons
Page 109 and 110: 7 Conclusions The conclusions here
Page 111 and 112: The following figure illustrates th
Page 113 and 114: 7.3 The need to give greater effect
Page 115 and 116: Attention has not yet focused on ar
Page 117 and 118: 7.8 Overall conclusion The risk of
Page 119 and 120: 8 Recommendations The recommendatio
Page 121 and 122: 8.2 For donor governments Strengthe
Page 123 and 124: 43. Conflict sensitivity analysis s
Page 125 and 126: Appendix 1 Terms of reference 1 Int
Page 127 and 128: 1.2 The LRRD concept 4 LRRD is a mu
Page 129 and 130: The efforts of the international ai
Page 131 and 132: 2.2.1 Thematic questions A. The ret
Page 133 and 134: c) How have the micro-politics of l
Page 135 and 136: Particular issues to be reviewed in
Page 137 and 138: In order to obtain relevant materia
Page 139 and 140: Within two weeks prior to commencin
Page 141 and 142: Appendix 2 Details of methodology A
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District Sub District Samples Total
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Appendix 3 List of persons and grou
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Surname, Forenames Dilreshi Dirhams
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Surname, Forenames Krassnitzer, Joh
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Surname, Forenames Organisation and
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Surname, Forenames Tveitnes, Ranvei
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Date Attendees No. of ♂ No. of
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This report is a follow-up evaluati
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