A ripple in development? - Channel Research

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were distributed over time. Who received aid first in the immediate aftermath of the tsunami based on government security regulations at the time? Who received aid later? Who received more aid? Who received less aid? Household livelihood histories were collected from all the different members of a household who happened to be present at the time the interviews were conducted (380 persons interviewed as mentioned in the introduction), thereby enabling greater triangulation and crosschecking of facts and chronologies. The stories they tell recount their lives from before the tsunami and up to the present moment of the evaluation. One of the key questions asked was whether individuals in a household had inherited a specific livelihood skill from within the family. To illustrate, a household may consist of fishermen who learned their specific skills from their fathers and grandfathers. If their livelihoods were completely destroyed because of the tsunami, the evaluation team would try to understand how the fishermen adapted given the institutional arrangements at the time. Did they try to build new skills as construction workers for reconstruction projects? Or did they resort to being unskilled day labourers looking for paid work where ever available? When did they resume fishing as their main livelihood activity (if at all?)? As households were asked to tell their stories about changes over time, the evaluation team tried to understand adaptations and adjustments that they made and how external aid played a role. If livelihood security was achieved at the later point in time of the evaluation, household histories would reflect a predictable and stable pattern of income generating activities to meet consumption needs. As most of the affected households in all three contexts were located in the agricultural and fishing sectors and subsistence economies, this pattern of income generation and consumption should be relatively predictable for each year. However this annual pattern and the volume of activity may be expected to vary depending upon any fluctuations in market demand, sudden price hikes such as those witnessed in the rise in food prices in late 2008 etc 41 . As a consequence there is a deficit of resources where consumption exceeds income; household welfare is then reduced in the given time period. The solution to address this deficit is for the household to seek out alternative income generating activities, where income can then match consumption e.g. a fisherman can complement or substitute his 41 To illustrate, there are fixed seasonal periods for harvesting and fishing in a year. Farmers and fishermen will carry out most of their activities within this period, bring their produce to market to sell and then spread out their income for use during the rest of the year. Consumption patterns will then match with income generating patterns. This pattern of behaviour can be thought of in economic terminology as ‘consumption smoothing’. If there fails to be a match within a given time period as determined by the household e.g. a calendar year, a harvesting cycle etc., this is because of the occurrence of an exogenous shock such as a natural disaster, a single event or repeated events of conflict. 52
income by carrying out petty trading. Graphically a predictable pattern of income and consumption can be represented as: Figure 2 Rate of Income Generated from Livelihoods A Fixed Period for Income Generating (e.g. harvesting) or Full Consumption (e.g. Idul Fitri in Indonesia) Time Income Generation in a Given Time Period Drawing Down for Consumption In figure 2 above, income can be generated from any number of activities and income can be drawn from savings or deferred spending. The positive rate of change for income generation matches the negative rate of change for consumption where a given household welfare level is then achieved. Time in the x-axis represents any given period as defined by the household. Analysis To either establish correlations, causality or attribution between donor relief efforts and household livelihoods and hence broader recovery, first an analysis of the distribution of foreign aid by geographical areas was carried out. This analysis includes where aid was first introduced and where it was gradually introduced. The specific sector of foreign aid most closely related to livelihoods and economic recovery is economic development (or reconstruction aid). This is as defined by government financial reporting of donor aid (there is no officially recorded budget line known as livelihoods). If a given geographical area such as a district received a higher amount of aid than another district, the logical reasoning is that the households in the first district would have greater resources available to rebuild their 53
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A ripple in development? Long term
Page 4 and 5: Authors: Emery Brusset (team leader
Page 6 and 7: 5 Risk reduction...................
Page 8 and 9: NGO OCHA Sida TEC TOR UN UNDP UNFPA
Page 10 and 11: State and civil society The interve
Page 12 and 13: tion is not complete, the achieveme
Page 14 and 15: For donor governments Strengthen lo
Page 16 and 17: 14. NGOs and UN agencies should see
Page 18 and 19: We would like to warmly thank all t
Page 20 and 21: ilitation and development (Linking
Page 22 and 23: Consequently, our study has asked:
Page 24 and 25: the style of the text in the evalua
Page 26 and 27: The team, however, enjoyed privileg
Page 28 and 29: Table 1 Summary of interviews by ca
Page 30 and 31: was the local level administration
Page 33 and 34: 2 The state and civil society 2.1 I
Page 35 and 36: On the other hand, the public’s p
Page 37 and 38: Although there is here a natural ha
Page 39 and 40: struction process, and unpredictabi
Page 41 and 42: cial structures. The context for in
Page 43 and 44: In the Maldives, the level of destr
Page 45 and 46: In Sri Lanka despite strong mobilis
Page 47 and 48: increase at the local level, the pr
Page 49 and 50: to the status quo ante, have limite
Page 51 and 52: 3 Poverty, livelihoods and economic
Page 53: This evaluation has taken account o
Page 57 and 58: The positive effects of aid assista
Page 59 and 60: Table 3e Aid disbursement flows for
Page 61 and 62: the tsunami affected areas. The Ace
Page 63 and 64: In 2005 prior to the peace agreemen
Page 65 and 66: In general, the main household inco
Page 67 and 68: omy. The Acehnese tend to have expe
Page 69 and 70: “The relatively limited economic
Page 71 and 72: was perceived to be played by NGOs,
Page 73: Yet the potential for change is cre
Page 76 and 77: Shelter and housing have been salie
Page 78 and 79: example in health or women’s live
Page 80 and 81: gramme is one of the key factors be
Page 82 and 83: not been sufficiently guided in rec
Page 84 and 85: Sri Lanka’s mainstream programme
Page 86 and 87: However, there are exceptions in bo
Page 89 and 90: 5 Risk reduction 5.1 Introduction T
Page 91 and 92: Indonesia also has new legislation
Page 93 and 94: Tsunamis present a relatively rare
Page 95 and 96: There is an issue also with the “
Page 97 and 98: More positively, the second type of
Page 99 and 100: 6 Capacity development 6.1 Introduc
Page 101 and 102: and Italy. The Programme’s object
Page 103 and 104: sulted communities in the east to c
Page 105 and 106:
things to many actors over time res
Page 107 and 108:
The use of information plays a cons
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7 Conclusions The conclusions here
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The following figure illustrates th
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7.3 The need to give greater effect
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Attention has not yet focused on ar
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7.8 Overall conclusion The risk of
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8 Recommendations The recommendatio
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8.2 For donor governments Strengthe
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43. Conflict sensitivity analysis s
Page 125 and 126:
Appendix 1 Terms of reference 1 Int
Page 127 and 128:
1.2 The LRRD concept 4 LRRD is a mu
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The efforts of the international ai
Page 131 and 132:
2.2.1 Thematic questions A. The ret
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c) How have the micro-politics of l
Page 135 and 136:
Particular issues to be reviewed in
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In order to obtain relevant materia
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Within two weeks prior to commencin
Page 141 and 142:
Appendix 2 Details of methodology A
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District Sub District Samples Total
Page 145 and 146:
Appendix 3 List of persons and grou
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Surname, Forenames Dilreshi Dirhams
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Surname, Forenames Krassnitzer, Joh
Page 151 and 152:
Surname, Forenames Organisation and
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Surname, Forenames Tveitnes, Ranvei
Page 155 and 156:
Date Attendees No. of ♂ No. of
Page 164:
This report is a follow-up evaluati
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