A ripple in development? - Channel Research

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The questions in the two surveys were the same and the samples sufficiently related to give a longitudinal perspective to our findings. This can be represented in the graphs below, where the further away from the centre the stronger the status of an actor is in terms of its role in recovery. It is possible to see that the evolution is more marked in the case of the Maldives, and even more so in the case of Indonesia. Figure 1 Changes in capacity and influence during the Tsunami response: Maldives Changes in capacity and influence during the Tsunami response: Sri Lanka Government Government Private enterprise Civil Society Private enterprise Civil Society Changes in capacity and influence during the Tsunami response: Indonesia Government Immediate Four years into the response Private enterprise Civil Society 34
Although there is here a natural handover from emergency operators to more perennial institutions, the problem of capacity is also undoubtedly at play. Attitudes will have changed as the ability to deliver on expectations has been tested, and often proven to be wanting. The mismatch between limited civil society outreach, and the scale of the disaster, will undoubtedly have contributed to the shift towards the state. The state itself has also been highly affected by these issues of capacity. In all three tsunami affected countries new structures were created to manage the response, showing significant constraints in capacity. In the case of Indonesia it was the Aceh-Nias Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency – also known as BRR, the National Disaster Management Centre, or NDMC, in the Maldives, and the Reconstruction & Development Agency, or RADA, in Sri Lanka. While RADA, the earlier Task Force for Rebuilding the Nation (TAFREN) and the NDMC institutions have had national coverage, BRR’s mandate was circumscribed to Aceh and Nias. Only in the Maldives will the state agency (NDMC) be maintained into the medium term. In Sri Lanka RADA and its predecessor TAFREN were dismantled. This has left a gap in institutional memory, and a weakened sense of accountability at the local level, with those affected less able to claim their rights. The closing of RADA is, according to state representatives, a sign of on the one part achievement, and on another, a desire to turn the page on the tsunami and regain a sense of normalcy. BRR was established after the tsunami to lead and manage reconstruction activities in Aceh and Nias. It has an office in Aceh, and was tasked to coordinate all the response, handing over implementation to agencies and line ministries. Its mandate runs out in April 2009, at the time when the operations and maintenance phase for many of the projects is only beginning. The Governor and his administration acknowledge that the government is ill prepared to manage the transfer of large public assets as well as recovery projects created by BRR. These bodies have been responsible for delivering the US$300 million funds from central government for the revised Master Plan, ensuring that the Multi Donor Fund (MDF) and other development programmes, valued at more than US$ 400 million, are completed by 2012 (this includes MDF, but also Asian Development Bank (ADB), Agence Française de Développement (AFD) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) loans). The provincial government has already been endowed with an unprecedented US$ 1 billion as a share of annual oil and gas revenues and additional Government autonomy funds. In Sri Lanka the state is perceived as much as an employment provider as a service provider. 7 The total number of employees in state 7 Findings from the Document Review and interviews in the field provide strong evidence in this direction. 35
Page 1: A ripple in development? Long term
Page 4 and 5: Authors: Emery Brusset (team leader
Page 6 and 7: 5 Risk reduction...................
Page 8 and 9: NGO OCHA Sida TEC TOR UN UNDP UNFPA
Page 10 and 11: State and civil society The interve
Page 12 and 13: tion is not complete, the achieveme
Page 14 and 15: For donor governments Strengthen lo
Page 16 and 17: 14. NGOs and UN agencies should see
Page 18 and 19: We would like to warmly thank all t
Page 20 and 21: ilitation and development (Linking
Page 22 and 23: Consequently, our study has asked:
Page 24 and 25: the style of the text in the evalua
Page 26 and 27: The team, however, enjoyed privileg
Page 28 and 29: Table 1 Summary of interviews by ca
Page 30 and 31: was the local level administration
Page 33 and 34: 2 The state and civil society 2.1 I
Page 35: On the other hand, the public’s p
Page 39 and 40: struction process, and unpredictabi
Page 41 and 42: cial structures. The context for in
Page 43 and 44: In the Maldives, the level of destr
Page 45 and 46: In Sri Lanka despite strong mobilis
Page 47 and 48: increase at the local level, the pr
Page 49 and 50: to the status quo ante, have limite
Page 51 and 52: 3 Poverty, livelihoods and economic
Page 53 and 54: This evaluation has taken account o
Page 55 and 56: income by carrying out petty tradin
Page 57 and 58: The positive effects of aid assista
Page 59 and 60: Table 3e Aid disbursement flows for
Page 61 and 62: the tsunami affected areas. The Ace
Page 63 and 64: In 2005 prior to the peace agreemen
Page 65 and 66: In general, the main household inco
Page 67 and 68: omy. The Acehnese tend to have expe
Page 69 and 70: “The relatively limited economic
Page 71 and 72: was perceived to be played by NGOs,
Page 73: Yet the potential for change is cre
Page 76 and 77: Shelter and housing have been salie
Page 78 and 79: example in health or women’s live
Page 80 and 81: gramme is one of the key factors be
Page 82 and 83: not been sufficiently guided in rec
Page 84 and 85: Sri Lanka’s mainstream programme
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However, there are exceptions in bo
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5 Risk reduction 5.1 Introduction T
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Indonesia also has new legislation
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Tsunamis present a relatively rare
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There is an issue also with the “
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More positively, the second type of
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6 Capacity development 6.1 Introduc
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and Italy. The Programme’s object
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sulted communities in the east to c
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things to many actors over time res
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The use of information plays a cons
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7 Conclusions The conclusions here
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The following figure illustrates th
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7.3 The need to give greater effect
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Attention has not yet focused on ar
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7.8 Overall conclusion The risk of
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8 Recommendations The recommendatio
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8.2 For donor governments Strengthe
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43. Conflict sensitivity analysis s
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Appendix 1 Terms of reference 1 Int
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1.2 The LRRD concept 4 LRRD is a mu
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The efforts of the international ai
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2.2.1 Thematic questions A. The ret
Page 133 and 134:
c) How have the micro-politics of l
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Particular issues to be reviewed in
Page 137 and 138:
In order to obtain relevant materia
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Within two weeks prior to commencin
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Appendix 2 Details of methodology A
Page 143 and 144:
District Sub District Samples Total
Page 145 and 146:
Appendix 3 List of persons and grou
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Surname, Forenames Dilreshi Dirhams
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Surname, Forenames Krassnitzer, Joh
Page 151 and 152:
Surname, Forenames Organisation and
Page 153 and 154:
Surname, Forenames Tveitnes, Ranvei
Page 155 and 156:
Date Attendees No. of ♂ No. of
Page 164:
This report is a follow-up evaluati
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