Volume 8 – Mechanical and Electrical Services - Malaysia Geoportal

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Chapter 1 PUMPING INSTALLATION b) Pipe Sizing In normal practice, pipe sizing is based on the continuity equation viz. Q = VA (1.3) where Q = flow rate V = flow velocity A = cross section area of flow The flow velocity in the suction line should preferably be limited to 2 m/s, while the flow velocity in the delivery line should not exceed 3 m/s. In general, low velocities should be used on the suction side of the pump to keep frictional losses as low as possible and improve the NPSH. On the delivery side the fluid is under pressure and higher flow velocities can be used without trouble. Where pipelines are short and the head is mostly static head, pipe sizing is generally considered on the basis of flow rate. However, for high friction system (i.e. long delivery pipeline) due consideration shall be given on the cost of pipework. Excessive friction will result from too small a pipe (flow velocity too high) and excessive cost incurred resulting from the use of unnecessarily large pipe (flow velocity too low). The effect of flow velocity should be investigated so as to arrive at the economic pipe size. 1.8 PUMP SELECTION Besides pump capacity and number units of pumps, various factors such as operating frequency and station reliability shall be looked into in the selection of pumps. Where service is more important than the cost and/or the operation is intermittent, a low efficiency pump would be quite suitable taking into consideration of saving in the equipment cost. But where pumps are subjected for long hours continuous running, then the pump type would be selected on the basis of highest efficiency at the required capacity and head. Capital cost, running cost and maintenance cost should also be taken into consideration. Generally small fast-running pumps are lower in initial cost than large slow-running pumps. High specific speed pumps are comparatively low in equipment cost, but require deep submergence which would lead to increased plant construction cost. Construction and material of the pumps selected must satisfy the function of the pumping station particularly materials must be suitable for the medium being handled. The initial cost of the pump is greatly affected by the material selected. Appropriate selection of material might result saving in maintenance costs and cost of downtimes. Running costs are directly related to the power and efficiency of the pumps and prime mower, thus pump having highest possible efficiency and driver of low running cost are preferred. Maintenance cost includes repair cost, replacement parts cost and downtime cost etc. Pumps of good quality and good backup service might help in saving maintenance cost. Generally economic life of an electrical pumpset is about 25 years and 15 years for diesel-driven pumpset. Pumps shall be selected to operate at their best efficiency point (BEP) at the designed pump capacity, and ideally the system operating point coincides with the pump BEP. Average system operating conditions rather than the maximum conditions shall be adapted for the best pump selection, and the pump must be able to deliver reasonable flow in worse conditions. Besides, the net positive suction head (NPSH) available in the pumping system must be better than the NPSH required for the pump. In sizing the pump, the rated power of the motor should be about 10% higher than that of the power requirement of the pump. Where variable speed drive is incorporated, power reserve of about 15% must be taken into consideration. March 2009 1-11
Chapter 1 PUMPING INSTALLATION As a guide, a step-by-step procedure for the selection of pumps is depicted as shown in flow chart Fig. 1.7 attached. Scheme Pumping Determine no. of pumping units required and pump capacity (Qa) Preliminary plant layout Estimate total head Motor speed (rpm) 1500, 1000, 750, 500 Assign pump speed (Na) (Qa, Ha & Na) Determine type of pump Obtain manufacturer’s pump performance curves, select appropriate pump needed and impeller size Evaluate pump performance and assess its suitability No Plot pump and system H-Q curve, determine efficiency, power and NPSH required Is the efficiency satisfactory No Check condition NPSH available > NPSH No If Hb ≠ Ha Reassess total head Hb ≈ Ha Preliminary pump selection completed Figure 1.7 Pump Selection Flow Chart 1-12 March 2009
Page 1 and 2: GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT O
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2.4.1 Materials for Hydraulic Gates
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Chapter 2 GATE DESIGN 2.6 GATE TEST
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Chapter 3 GROUND WATER FACILITIES T
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CHAPTER 4 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND H
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Chapter 4 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND H
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CHAPTER 6 ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN MANA
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Device in the Solar Panel Chapter 6
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Chapter 7 ELECTRICAL SERVICES Table
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CHAPTER 8 DREDGER
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Chapter 8 DREDGER List of Tables Ta
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Chapter 8 DREDGER d) Beach nourishm
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Chapter 8 DREDGER As a backup syste
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Langkah-langkah yang perlu diambil:
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CHAPTER 10 SCADA AND AUTOMATION SYS
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