Volume 8 – Mechanical and Electrical Services - Malaysia Geoportal

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2.3.2 Loads to be Considered Chapter 2 GATE DESIGN Gates are designed for hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces. In designing a hydraulic gate, the loads to be considered shall include weight of gate, hydrostatic pressure, sediment pressure, wave pressure, buoyancy, gate operating forces, wind load, changes in hydraulic pressure by flowing water and load increase due to vibration caused by changes in the hydraulic pressure. Under certain circumstances other loads such as ice pressure, snow load, effects of temperature changes and pressure during earthquake may have to be considered. In addition to water load, the designer may add 2 to 5 m of water head to the static head to account for sub-atmospheric pressures downstream of gates located in conduits/sluices. To cater for the increase in load due to vibration, approximately 10% of the static load is added and another 5% for surge effect. Gates are normally designed to close under its own weight but sometimes it may require a positive thrust for closing, in which case suitable hoists shall be installed. For hermetically sealed gates, buoyancy and uplift need to be considered as against gate weight to ensure gates can be closed under its own weight. 2.3.3 Shape of Gate Leaf, Gate Guide and Anchorage Shapes of gate leaf, gate guide and anchorage shall properly be selected depending on the purpose of its use. A hydraulic gate is likely to be exposed to overflow from the leaf top and underflow from gate bottom and this may cause the gate to vibrate excessively. These vibrations can be reduced to some extend by improving the shape of the leaf, guide and anchorage. A gate normally consists of a number of main girders placed horizontally on which the skin plate is attached. The girders are selected and spaced such that each girder takes an equal part of the total hydraulic load. Hence girders will be spaced closer for the lower section of the gate where the hydraulic load is higher and further apart for the upper section where the load is less. From considerations of rigidity of the gate structure and the span of the skin plate, recommended spacing of girders is normally between 500mm to 1,200mm. 2.3.4 Seal Part Seal design of appropriate construction and high durability seal material is important to ensure long lasting good sealing of the gate. The rubber seal should be designed to be easily replaceable, of low friction load, water-tight against some deflection and to have good durability. A proper hardness (shore hardness 40 to 80) and shape (flat, L or J type) of the rubber seal to ensure it is flexible enough to the movement and deflection of the gate leaf due to hydraulic pressures. For design purposes the coefficient between rubber seal and stainless steel plate is taken as 0.5 to 0.7 when wet and 0.9 to 1.2 when dry. The seal part of a hydraulic gate is often made of stainless steel plate with natural rubber (very strong) or synthetic rubber (atmospheric corrosion resistant) seal. The seal attachment plate should have slotted bolt holes to allow for field adjustment of the seals. The flat type and L-type are used for the bottom or side sealing of gate under low hydraulic pressure, while the J-type is used for low to high hydraulic pressure. The caisson type is suitable for high hydraulic pressure. Water tightness is obtained by utilising the hydraulic pressure acting on the rubber seal. This standard side-seal configuration provides for an increase in the sealing force in proportion to increased head and seals usually tend to leak under low head rather than high head. 2.3.5 Corrosion Allowance Where mild steel is used for gate leaf, some amount of plate thickness has to be added to cater for corrosion. The amount of corrosion allowance to be added as per Japanese standard is as follows:- March 2009 2-19
Chapter 2 GATE DESIGN Table 2.1 Corrosion Allowance For Plate Thicknees Place Skin Plate Other Main Members Water contact face or abrasion One Face Both Faces Both Faces (mm) face (mm) (mm) Hydraulic gate used in fresh water 1 (1) 2 (1) 2 Hydraulic gate used in sea water 1.5 3 2 Figure in ( ) indicates corrosion allowance for abrasion to be added where appropriate. 2.3.6 Deflection of Gate Leaf Deflection of gate leaf is set by taking into consideration the rigidity required by the structure and the safety during operation. The following are the recommended deflection for gates as per technical standards for gates and penstock by hydraulic Gate and Penstock Association:- Normal Gate Slide / sluice gate Stoplog / bulkhead gate 1/800 of span 1/1200 of span 1/600 of span Span means the distance between the supports for a fixed wheel gate and the clear span for a radial or bottom hinge flap gate. 2.3.7 Operating Speed The operating speed of a hydraulic gate is selected in accordance with the purpose of its use. The following operating speed as per technical standards for gate and penstock by Hydraulic Gate and Penstock Association is used as a guide:- a) Normal operating speed is 0.3 to 0.5 m/min. taking into account upstream and downstream effects caused by the discharge of water b) For automatic control or some other special purpose the operating speed is slower to about 0.1 m/min. c) For navigation locks the speed is increased to 1.0 to 5.0 m/min. d) For controlling flow as for a bottom hinged flap gate (tilting gate), the closing or opening time is usually 10 to 20 mins. 2.3.8 Lifting Height The lifting height of a hydraulic gate is determined so as to be safe against the down flowing water after the gate is lifted. Factors such as shapes and sizes of the drifting debris during a flood is to be considered. A normal clearance of at least 1.0 m is sufficient for an overflow depth of 2.5m or less and for dam design at least 1.5m is required. 2.3.9 Leakages Recommended allowable leakages for various types of gates and applications are given below. Leakage for gates with rubber seals (roller, radial, tilting gate) is 0.15 l/sec/m perimeter seal contact. For penstock/sluice gates the allowable leakage value is as stipulated in the AWWA specification for penstocks as follows:- 2-20 March 2009
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GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT O
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DID MANUAL VOLUME 8 Foreword The fi
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DID MANUAL VOLUME 8 Registration of
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DID MANUAL VOLUME 8 List of Volumes
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DID MANUAL VOLUME 8 TNB TSHD USBR T
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Chapter 1 PUMPING INSTALLATION Tabl
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Chapter 5 PLANT MANAGEMENT AND CONT
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Device in the Solar Panel Chapter 6
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CHAPTER 8 DREDGER
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Langkah-langkah yang perlu diambil:
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CHAPTER 10 SCADA AND AUTOMATION SYS
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Volume 8 – Mechanical and Electrical Services - Malaysia Geoportal

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