Intelligent Transportation Systems - City of Oakland

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upgrading the modems to 19.2 Kbps or higher but this is not generally necessary for typical traffic signal communication. TWP can be used for interconnect of traffic controller cabinets and to connect to hub nodes on the communications backbone. The TWP bandwidth is more than sufficient to meet the traffic controller’s system requirements. 6.5.1.3 Wireless Infrastructure The two methods of wireless infrastructure applications are microwave and spread spectrum radio. Point-to-point traffic applications have used microwave links primarily as a communications trunk between offices and/or remote work centers (i.e., maintenance building) to carry video, voice and data. Microwave links can be used to communicate with field device controllers or transmit data and video information in CCTV applications. Microwave signals radiate through the atmosphere along a line-of-sight path between transmitting and receiving antennas. Both technical and frequency utilization requirements dictate highly directional microwave frequency antennas. Because microwave radio uses simplex transmission (transmission in only one direction), a frequency pair allows transmission in both directions at the same time. The FCC makes several frequencies available for Private Operational Fixed Microwave Service (POFMS) ranging from 928 MHz to 40 GHz. Frequencies that have been the most prevalent include 18, 23, 28 and 31. The recent re-allocation/auction of frequencies in the 28 and 31 GHz bands to new services, such as Local Multipoint Distribution Services (LMDS), means some ITS users will be faced with changing their communication links. Point-topoint microwave in the 5.7 GHz frequency range is becoming a popular communications technology for reasonable quality video applications and operates within a frequency range that does not require FCC licensing on a per site basis. Spread spectrum radio (SSR) is a common technique used with radio transmission to reduce interference during communication. A SSR transmitter uses a code that spreads a signal over a wide range of frequencies; the same code is used in the receiver that works synchronous to the transmitter to condense the received signal so that the original data sequence may be recovered. Because SSR frequencies lie in an unprotected channel space, FCC approval is not required in the 902-928 MHZ, the 2400-2483.5 MHz, and the 5725-5850 MHz frequency bands. Although microwave adheres to line-ofsight restrictions, some level of bending around obstacles is possible in the 902-928 MHz frequency range. 6.5.2 Leased Infrastructure Many telecommunication service providers in the area can provide a broad range of communication links. The desired connectivity level and bandwidth needed depends on the specific application of the communication link. The use of telecommunication service providers translates to lower up-front costs, but there is typically a substantial per-month charge for each service point that needs to be factored into the operating budget for the network. Table 6.1 gives an approximation of how much data/video can be transported using the most common types of telecommunication services. A description of these types of services is provided following the table. City of Oakland ITS Strategic Plan 72 September, 2003
Table 6.1 – Bandwidth Comparison D L V L D L &V L D L &2 V L D H &V H D H &2 V H D H &4 V H CDPD X POTS X – – – – – – ISDN X X X – – – – DSL X X X X – – – T1 (DS-1) X X X X – – – Dual T1 X X X X X – – Quad T1 X X X X X X – D L : D H : V L : V H : Low speed data, data transfer at 19.2 kbps; High speed data, data transfer at 1.544 Mbps; Low quality video, digital video and CCTV control compressed to 128 kbps; High quality video, digital video and CCTV control compressed to 1.544 Mbps. 6.5.2.1 Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) and other Wireless Services Wireless networks have two primary clients, “Voice” users and “Data” users. The City of Oakland would be considered a Data user with regard to ITS applications. CDPD is the current industry standard for data transmission over wireless networks. It uses the Advanced Mobile Phones Service (AMPS) networks already in place in the United States. CDPD provides two-way data communications for users of devices such as notebook computers and personal digital assistants. AMPS has been modified to allow digital information to be transmitted in packet form on a “not to interfere” basis with voice. Digital data packets fill the time slots where voice is not transmitted and this service can support transmission rates up to 19.2 kbps (AMPS only supports up to 9,600 bps). This capability is available in selected urban areas; however, the amount of data transfer to occur and the corresponding operational cost of service may become an issue. CDPD can be an effective medium for semi-urban data communication distribution links by using several low-cost remote radio modems to connect controller cabinets to a slightly higher cost master modem at a communication hub or at the TMC. The data throughput for CDPD is enough to support data communications for NTCIP, but it cannot provide an acceptable level of quality for video demands. The telecommunication industry is currently going through major changes in wireless network technology to achieve the goal of providing faster and more reliable wireless connectivity. The CDPD networks that are provided by major wireless operators such as Alltel, AT&T Wireless, Cingular, and Verizon are being phased out by end of 2004 and early 2005. The new and emerging wireless standards are General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) of the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) family and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). The GPRS/GSM standard is provided by AT&T Wireless, Cingular and T-Mobile. The CDMA standard is provided by Verizon and Sprint. These new wireless networks have a higher bandwidth than CDPD allowing data to transfer faster. The cost and availability of these new standards is an ongoing issue with prices coming down as the number of users and competition increases. Since both CDPD and the newer wireless standards utilize the TCP/IP protocol for communications, migration from CDPD to the new technology is only a matter of City of Oakland ITS Strategic Plan 73 September, 2003
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Citywide ITS Strategic Plan Final R
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CITY OF OAKLAND CITYWIDE ITS STRATE
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6.7.3 Long-Term Communications Plan
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SECTION 1 Introduction 1.1 PURPOSE
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The vision of the Citywide ITS Stra
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SIC SMFO SONET SR2S STP TAT TBS TCT
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through the thoughtful and effectiv
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the downtown area) is time-based. D
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Most of the controllers throughout
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2.3.2 Bay Area Regional ITS Archite
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• San Pablo Avenue • Telegraph
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2.4.2 Other Oakland Plans The plann
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Port of Oakland Airport Roadway Pro
Page 27 and 28: SECTION 3 Signal System As part of
Page 29 and 30: In the Needs Assessment workshop, s
Page 31 and 32: Table 3.2 - High Priority Corridors
Page 33 and 34: agencies such as AC Transit and BAR
Page 35 and 36: In addition to selecting a signal s
Page 37 and 38: TS-1 and TS-2 Options In addition t
Page 39 and 40: Alternative 3: Hybrid System A thir
Page 41 and 42: 4.1.2 Traveler Information Requirem
Page 43 and 44: • Cameras mounted with a pan-tilt
Page 45 and 46: These detectors can be installed in
Page 47 and 48: • LED Hybrid - LED hybrid signs j
Page 49 and 50: ecently completed the design of a P
Page 51 and 52: • Full closure or four quadrant r
Page 53 and 54: oute information is typically disse
Page 55 and 56: 4.3.3 Internet Access The Internet
Page 57 and 58: A more sophisticated approach opera
Page 59 and 60: EVP Recommendations - The Oakland F
Page 61 and 62: SECTION 5 High-Level System Archite
Page 63 and 64: These seven user services can be ex
Page 65 and 66: Figure 5.2 - High-Level Center-to-C
Page 67 and 68: 5.4 ARCHITECTURE RECOMMENDATIONS As
Page 69 and 70: Architecture Version 3.0 includes 6
Page 71 and 72: SECTION 6 Communications Network 6.
Page 73 and 74: have an effect on the alternatives
Page 75 and 76: Figure 6.1 - Communications Topolog
Page 77: • Fault tolerance. If a communica
Page 81 and 82: There are three different types of
Page 83 and 84: This same hardwire configuration ca
Page 85 and 86: August 2003 City of Oakland ITS Str
Page 91 and 92: surveillance purposes in the near f
Page 93 and 94: 7.1.3 Communications Infrastructure
Page 95 and 96: Table 7.1 - TMC Equipment List Cont
Page 97 and 98: 7.3.2 Equipment Room The equipment
Page 99 and 100: than 5’6” wide by 7’ long. Th
Page 101 and 102: September 2003 City of Oakland ITS
Page 103 and 104: o High Street o MacArthur Boulevard
Page 105 and 106: • The City of Oakland Fire Depart
Page 107 and 108: 8.2 MEDIUM-TERM PROJECTS This secti
Page 109 and 110: • The City’s Fire Department sh
Page 111 and 112: 8.3 LONG-TERM PROJECTS This section
Page 113 and 114: 73rd Ave Maritime Street 7th St. Ai
Page 115 and 116: Table 8.2 - Medium-Term Deployment
Page 117 and 118: SECTION 9 Operations and Management
Page 119 and 120: Incident Management Systems Safety
Page 121 and 122: • Signal Technicians - 5.5 FTE Wi
Page 123 and 124: • Optical Time Domain Reflectomet
Page 125 and 126: diagnostic equipment, maintain an a
Page 127 and 128: 9.7 O&M COSTS This section provides
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management, etc.) or the integratio
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Lighting Act of 1972, Part 2 of Div
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• TEA 21 Funds • ITS Earmark Fu
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Intelligent Transportation Systems - City of Oakland

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