(IVAR) - Final Report - Strategic Environmental Research and ...

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antennas typically provides three times the spatial resolution as S-band. For the same resolution, a S-band antenna is typically three times larger. Transceivers are available in both conventional magnetron or solid-state varieties, with different cost/maintenance trade-offs. Solid-state systems are purported to have much longer times between scheduled maintenance but cost about 10X more than magnetron-based systems. Both are built to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) standards and are type compatible. The cost of marine radars varies considerably depending on the frequency band, transmitter type, and performance. Digital Processor – The digital processor includes a radar interface board that connects to the transceiver and digitizes its analog radar signal. The digital processor also carries out digital signal processing including scan-conversion and video display, detection, and tracking. The track information produced by the digital processor can include latitude, longitude, altitude, speed, heading, and intensity or radar cross-section (RCS) for every target in the 360° coverage volume, updated every few seconds. TrackViewer Workstation – The workstation is a laptop computer with TrackViewer and Track Data Viewer software installed. In addition to displaying real time and historical plots and track data, the TrackViewer software has optional capabilities to generate analytical products such as Histories described in Section 6.2.1.1 Network Connectivity – If target information is to be accessible by remote users, and if the radar is to be controlled remotely, a network connection to the digital processor and the transceiver is needed. Remote support therefore requires a gateway to the Internet. Remote Controller – This device turns the COTS transceiver into an IP device that can be controlled remotely over the LAN or Internet. The radar can be remotely powered on or off, diagnostics can be accessed, waveforms can be selected, etc. Data Server – This device turns one or more radars into an information system that simultaneously supports multiple remote users with user-specific real-time and historical information. It supports integration to third party applications and provides an avian radar installation with scalability and flexibility. Data Fusion Processor – This device joins and smoothes tracks from adjacent radars belonging to the same target, improving information quality. Statistical Processor – This device processes target information to provide statistical patterns associated with bird behavior in the sampled airspace. Track counts, densities, BASH condition alerts, height distributions, flow patterns, etc. can be analyzed spatially and temporally to provide situational awareness. Permanent Structure – In situations where the location of a radar is known and expected to be fixed (e.g., a roof-top or fixed ground location), a permanent installation for the radar can be most cost effective. For a roof-top installation, the digital equipment can be mounted inside the structure. For a ground location, the equipment can be located in an equipment shack. Portable Trailer – In some cases, it is more convenient for a facility to have the radar selfcontained within a trailer or similar structure that provides space for human activities such as support and maintenance. Trailers can range from those with minimal human considerations to those with considerable comfort. The environmental controls of the trailer must be able to maintain the equipment within its safe operating temperature range. 280
Installation Site Assessment – Radar performance is strongly affected by its local surroundings. Clutter (from land, sea, trees, buildings, etc.) limits its ability to detect birds and can obstruct the radar’s view. Aircraft, buildings, and fences can cause multiple reflections (called “multipath”) that can confuse the radar user. These effects can be mitigated by a careful selection of the site, height, and type radar antenna. A site assessment using a radar system will measure these effects by generating local clutter maps and generate bird and aircraft track histories to determine effective coverage. Usually, after initial consultation with an avian radar vendor to establish requirements, the facility will identify two or more sites where it would be logistically possible to locate the radar. The radar vendor would then carry out the site assessment and report on its findings. This would typically involve about a week of radar operation followed by subsequent analysis and reporting. Licensing – Licensing for use at a civil airport will first require Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licensing. The most efficient way to obtain the license is to work through a consultant who will prepare and file the needed forms with the FCC and FAA. A reasonable cost estimate for obtaining an FCC license is $5,000, although this cost could be reduced by obtaining a CONUS operational permit if long-term use is intended for multiple locations. For military installations there is a similar frequency clearance process but it is local. The military frequency clearance process appears to be an overhead/approval cost common to any activity on the installation. FAA Form 7460 - Placement of any object or facility on an airport will require approval from the FAA. The primary approval mechanism is completion of a Form 7460 that is reviewed for obstructions and provides a frequency clearance for any active radio frequency emitting devices. The primary cost of a 7460 approval is associated with any time delays required for approval. Although not required for military airfields, 7460 approval will be required for any joint use facility. Site Preparation – Site preparation costs can be minimal if power and a suitable surface (for a trailer) or structure (for a permanent installation) is already available. Otherwise, surface preparation and a power hookup need to be provided for long-term use. Power requirements are modest with a 50 A standard service being more than adequate. In many cases, an extension cord to a 20 A residential-type receptacle will suffice. Some terrain grading near the radar site may also be desirable to reduce ground clutter. The installation typically takes care of any site preparation costs. Wireless ISP/Point-to-Point Link – If an Integrated or Advanced radar system is deployed with remote access to users, network connectivity is required. In some cases, a hard-wired (CAT6, fiber, or coaxial cable) run may be available between the site and a suitable demarcation point at a nearby building. If not, commercial wireless links are usually available using either an off-site commercial Internet Service Provider (ISP) or by installing a point-to-point microwave link between the trailer and the demarcation point. The installation of a point-to-point link can cost from a few thousand dollars to more than $10,000. This type of link avoids ongoing data charges between the radar and the demarcation point. The wireless ISP option may still incur monthly data charges. 281
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FINAL REPORT Integration and Valida
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Table of Contents List of Tables ..
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APPENDIX A. POINTS OF CONTACT .....
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Table 6-17. Altitudinal distributio
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List of Figures Figure 2-1. Chronol
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Figure 6-17. Plot of the northing c
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Figure 6-42. eBirdRad display based
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Figure 6-82. Hourly track count ove
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Figure 6-115: COP display showing f
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List of Acronyms Acronym AGL AIP AR
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Acronym RST RT SEA SQL SSC Pacific
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Carmen Lombardo Naval Air Station,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Military bases an
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database and redistributed to other
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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Encro
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A seventh objective, the Functional
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Table 1-1 (cont.). IVAR TASK/ OBJEC
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environmental stewardship with miss
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2 TECHNOLOGY/METHODOLOGY DESCRIPTIO
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The original BirdRad system was des
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2.4 TECHNOLOGY/METHODOLOGY DEVELOPM
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Figure 2-2. Configuration of BirdRa
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2.4.3 eBirdRad - Digital Radars wit
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Figure 2-5. Interior view of the eB
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accuracy and target continuity over
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permanently installed at SEA. Prior
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2.5 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF T
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3 PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES Table 3-1
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Table 3-1 (cont.). Performance Obje
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For the third test, Validation Usin
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temporal domain by recording all bi
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3.1.2.2.7 Provides Bird Abundance o
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difference in the time (i.e., the l
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3.1.6.2.4 Maintenance [SE4.2] We es
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Table 4-1. Summary of the IVAR stud
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4.1 MCAS CHERRY POINT Marine Corps
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2006 the primary eBirdRad unit from
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(directional WiFi) to the Internet.
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• Large (several thousand) flocks
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location for demonstrating the capa
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5.1 CONCEPTUAL TEST DESIGN 5 TEST D
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5.3 DESIGN AND LAYOUT OF TECHNOLOGY
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Assuming these lines evidence confi
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that dataset [Section 6.5.1.3]. 5.5
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6 PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT The Perfor
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ecord the time, Track ID, and other
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Figure 6-1. Percentage of targets c
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Comparing the performance of dish v
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Figure 6-4. The basic sensor elemen
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Figure 6-6. The polygon around the
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Figure 6-8. Diagram of sampling “
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• It takes several scans (nominal
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Session Correla tions 600 500 y = 1
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To evaluate the capabilities of the
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Figure 6-15. Runway 3 at SEA, showi
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comparisons between the RCH-GPS dat
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Figure 6-18. Plot of the northing c
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Figure 6-20. Plot of the easting co
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Conclusion In the quantitative perf
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Table 6-8. Column headings of the T
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Table 6-9 demonstrates quantitative
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Table 6-10. The parameters of targe
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Table 6-11. The position of Visual
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Table 6-12. Solitary targets at MCA
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Figure 6-23. The track of target T2
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intended to demonstrate these syste
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Figure 6-34. Screen capture of bird
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6.1.2 Qualitative Performance Crite
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upper right have completely converg
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Figure 6-38. The progression of the
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The slight difference in alignment
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Figure 6-42. eBirdRad display based
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Figure 6-44. A partial history of t
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6.2 SAMPLING PROTOCOL 6.2.1 Quantit
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Figure 6-46. Image from the track h
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Table 6-14. Dates, times and names
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Figure 6-48. Fifteen-minute (06:04-
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Figure 6-50. Fifteen-minute (02:24-
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We used a TVW to process the plots
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Figure 6-53. In an example of night
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6.2.1.4 Efficiently Stores Bird Tra
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Figure 6-56 shows sites 13-24 in th
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We extracted the radar data for thi
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Figure 6-57. Digital image of the d
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Table 6-17. Altitudinal distributio
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hours apart, showed considerable va
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• The sampling event time period
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underwent a 4-minute initialization
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Figure 6-62. DRP Live application l
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commands we issued to the radar; th
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4. Range Decrease (x7) 5. Range Inc
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Figure 6-65, Figure 6-66, and Figur
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6.2.2.4 Provides Spatial Distributi
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Figure 6-69. A plot of all track ac
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Figure 6-71. Twelve 2-hour historie
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Figure 6-72. TVW application displa
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Conclusion Figure 6-74. Oblique vie
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Archived Data to a GIS We used the
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(SQL). Extracting target data from
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Figure 6-78. Daily, unfiltered, tra
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Figure 6-79. Time periods selected
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Figure 6-82. Hourly track count ove
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esults are displayed in Figure 6-83
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As can be seen in Figure 6-83, the
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Figure 6-84 clearly demonstrates th
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Conclusion We have successfully dem
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LAN within a facility to the operat
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All reference times were recorded i
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Description of Remote Display - As
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mounted laptop computer (Figure 6-8
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very good because the system was sa
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operations personnel or their contr
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Figure 6-90. Alarm status pane and
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Figure 6-92. Alarm triggered as a f
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Figure 6-95. Screen capture of the
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Figure 6-96. An example from a data
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Table 6-29. Differences found betwe
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6.4 DATA INTEGRATION 6.4.1 Quantita
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Figure 6-100. Screen captures for S
Page 253 and 254: We used a screen-capture program at
Page 255 and 256: Results Table 6-32 records the time
Page 257 and 258: We acquired the appropriate plots a
Page 259 and 260: Figure 6-105. Track histories of ta
Page 261 and 262: synchronized, both spatially and te
Page 263 and 264: 0.004687 seconds ahead of the NTP t
Page 265 and 266: Figure 6-108: COP display showing f
Page 267 and 268: Figure 6-110: TVW display showing t
Page 269 and 270: The next example from NASWI involve
Page 271 and 272: Figure 6-114: TVW display showing t
Page 273 and 274: Figure 6-116: COP display showing a
Page 275 and 276: Fusion processing was enabled in th
Page 277 and 278: processing associated with this dat
Page 279 and 280: Figure 6-122: Track IDs shown for b
Page 281 and 282: Conclusion We successfully demonstr
Page 283 and 284: Of course, many other factors contr
Page 285 and 286: one, Jim Swift, had been exposed to
Page 287 and 288: Methods The US military 27 designat
Page 289 and 290: Natural R.esoan:es Br.mch 22541Jolm
Page 291 and 292: Given these considerations, the IVA
Page 293 and 294: Results No maintenance was required
Page 295 and 296: acquired and is testing JRC S-band
Page 297 and 298: areas of overlap. Data fusion algor
Page 299 and 300: 6.8 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND PER
Page 301 and 302: Table 7-1. Cost Model for a Standal
Page 303: additional processors account of th
Page 307 and 308: e incurred, depending on what infor
Page 309 and 310: eal time, avian radars and can dete
Page 311 and 312: Network Connectivity. The US Depart
Page 313 and 314: Airport Improvement Program (AIP) f
Page 315 and 316: 9 REFERENCES Anderson, C., and S. O
Page 317 and 318: APPENDIX A. POINTS OF CONTACT POINT
Page 319 and 320: POINT OF CONTACT Name Ryan King Mat
Page 321 and 322: APPENDIX B. ANALYTICAL METHODS SUPP
Page 323 and 324: METHOD #2: VALIDATION BY IMAGE COMP
Page 325 and 326: The pattern of yellows and blues in
Page 327 and 328: Radar Team (RT) Site Selection Sinc
Page 329 and 330: will measured the magnetic bearing
Page 331 and 332: Figure B-6. Using a GPS to record s
Page 333 and 334: • Visual Observer - observes bird
Page 335 and 336: Figure B-9. Flowchart of target con
Page 337 and 338: VT: “Radar, Team 2-Alpha copies T
Page 339 and 340: eam and the VTs have difficulty loc
Page 341 and 342: why it was changed, who made the ch
Page 343 and 344: METHOD #4: CONFIRMATION OF BIRD TAR
Page 345 and 346: Figure B-12. Duplexed image showing
Page 347 and 348: Table B-2. Dates, times, and antenn
Page 349 and 350: For the analysis of the simultaneou
Page 351 and 352: Table B-3. Altitude of the radar be
Page 353 and 354: Figure B-17. Diagram of sampling
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METHOD #6: DEMONSTRATING REAL-TIME
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APPENDIX C. DATA QUALITY ASSURANCE/
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APPENDIX D. SUPPORTING DATA D.1 Par
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Table D-1 (cont.). Date Track ID Up
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D.2 Listing of One-Hour Track Histo
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Table D-2 (cont.). 07:00-08:00 WI_A
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APPENDIX E. SURVEY OF AIRPORT PERSO
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used as the real-time target becaus
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Table E-1. Remote radar display lat
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7. Please rate the following where
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