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and that might be using an avian radar system by another vendor may be another source of information. Increasingly, both civil and military airports are contracting with the United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services (USDA/WS) for wildlife management at their facilities. The use of avian radar systems has been presented to many of the certified airport wildlife managers. Thus, while not all USDA/WS personnel have firsthand known of avian radars, they have been exposed to it and are aware of resources that are available on this topic. As regards internal policy and funding mechanisms for avian radar systems within the military, the Air Force BASH program of record (POR) is administered by the Air Force Safety Office. The Air Force’s BASH program is headquartered at Kirtland AFB in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The Navy (including the Marine Corps) has recently elevated BASH to a POR that will, when fully implemented, be administered by the Commander of Naval Installations Command (CNIC). The Navy/Marine Corps Safety Center is located in Norfolk, Virginia, and the BASH program is currently run out of NAS Whidbey Island, Washington. 290
9 REFERENCES Anderson, C., and S. Osmek. 2005. Raptor Strike Avoidance at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport: A Biological Approach. 2005 Bird Strike Committee-USA/Canada 7th Annual Meeting, Vancouver, BC. (http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/birdstrike2005/1/) Blackman, S.S. 2004. Multiple Hypothesis Tracking for Multiple Target Tracking. IEEE A&E Systems Magazine 19(1). January, 2004. Brand, M., Key, G.; Herricks, E.; King, R.; Nohara, J. T.; Gauthreaux, S., Jr.; Begier, M.; Bowser, C.; Beason, R.; Swift, J.; Klope, M.; Griese, H.; Dotur, C.. 2011. Functional Requirements and Performance Specifications for Avian Radar Systems Integration and Validation of Avian Radars (IVAR). Space and Warfare Systems Center – Pacific Burger, A.E. 1997. Behavior and numbers of Marbled Murrelets measured with radar. Journal of Field Ornithology 68(2):208-223. Dolbeer, R.A. 2006. Height distribution of birds recorded by collisions with civil aircraft. Journal of Wildlife Management 70 (5):1345-1350. FAA. 2009. Code of Federal Regulations, Part 139 (Certification of Airports), Subpart D (Operations), Section 139.337 (Wildlife Hazard Management). http://tinyurl.com/FAR139- 337 FAA. 2010. “Airport Avian Radar Systems”, DRAFT Advisory Circular 150/5220-25. [Final version due December 2010.] http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/draft_150_5220_25.pdf Gauthreaux, S.A., Jr. 1999. Legacy Project Cooperative Agreement DACA87-97-0002. Interim Technical and Progress Report for the Period of October 1998--October 1999. Legacy Resource Management Program, Department of Defense. Gauthreaux, S.A., Jr., and J.W. Livingston. 2006. “Monitoring bird migration with a fixedbeam radar and a thermal-imaging camera.” Journal of Field Ornithology 77(3):319–328. Harmata, A.R., K. M. Podruzny, J.R. Zelenak, and M.L. Morrison. 1999. Using Marine Surveillance Radar to Study Bird Movements and Impact Assessment. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27(1):44-52. Herricks, E.E., and G. Key. 2007. Avian Radar Systems. International Airport Review 6:56- 59. Klope, M.E., R.C. Beason, T.J. Nohara, and M.J. Begier. 2009. Role of near-miss bird strikes in assessing hazards. Human–Wildlife Conflicts 3(2):208–215. Lack, D., and G. C. Varley. 1945. Detection of birds by radar. Nature 156:446. Nohara, T.J., P. Weber, A. Premji, C. Krasnor, S. Gauthreaux, M. Brand, and G. Key. 2005. Affordable Avian Radar Surveillance Systems for Natural Resource Management and BASH Applications. Radar ‘05 Conference, IEEE International [Online copy] 291
Page 1 and 2:
FINAL REPORT Integration and Valida
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Table of Contents List of Tables ..
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APPENDIX A. POINTS OF CONTACT .....
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Table 6-17. Altitudinal distributio
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List of Figures Figure 2-1. Chronol
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Figure 6-17. Plot of the northing c
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Figure 6-42. eBirdRad display based
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Figure 6-82. Hourly track count ove
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Figure 6-115: COP display showing f
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List of Acronyms Acronym AGL AIP AR
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Acronym RST RT SEA SQL SSC Pacific
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Carmen Lombardo Naval Air Station,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Military bases an
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database and redistributed to other
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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Encro
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A seventh objective, the Functional
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Table 1-1 (cont.). IVAR TASK/ OBJEC
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environmental stewardship with miss
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2 TECHNOLOGY/METHODOLOGY DESCRIPTIO
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The original BirdRad system was des
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2.4 TECHNOLOGY/METHODOLOGY DEVELOPM
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Figure 2-2. Configuration of BirdRa
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2.4.3 eBirdRad - Digital Radars wit
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Figure 2-5. Interior view of the eB
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accuracy and target continuity over
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permanently installed at SEA. Prior
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2.5 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF T
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3 PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES Table 3-1
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Table 3-1 (cont.). Performance Obje
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For the third test, Validation Usin
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temporal domain by recording all bi
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3.1.2.2.7 Provides Bird Abundance o
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difference in the time (i.e., the l
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3.1.6.2.4 Maintenance [SE4.2] We es
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Table 4-1. Summary of the IVAR stud
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4.1 MCAS CHERRY POINT Marine Corps
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2006 the primary eBirdRad unit from
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(directional WiFi) to the Internet.
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• Large (several thousand) flocks
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location for demonstrating the capa
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5.1 CONCEPTUAL TEST DESIGN 5 TEST D
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5.3 DESIGN AND LAYOUT OF TECHNOLOGY
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Assuming these lines evidence confi
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that dataset [Section 6.5.1.3]. 5.5
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6 PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT The Perfor
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ecord the time, Track ID, and other
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Figure 6-1. Percentage of targets c
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Comparing the performance of dish v
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Figure 6-4. The basic sensor elemen
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Figure 6-6. The polygon around the
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Figure 6-8. Diagram of sampling “
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• It takes several scans (nominal
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Session Correla tions 600 500 y = 1
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To evaluate the capabilities of the
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Figure 6-15. Runway 3 at SEA, showi
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comparisons between the RCH-GPS dat
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Figure 6-18. Plot of the northing c
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Figure 6-20. Plot of the easting co
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Conclusion In the quantitative perf
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Table 6-8. Column headings of the T
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Table 6-9 demonstrates quantitative
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Table 6-10. The parameters of targe
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Table 6-11. The position of Visual
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Table 6-12. Solitary targets at MCA
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Figure 6-23. The track of target T2
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intended to demonstrate these syste
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Figure 6-34. Screen capture of bird
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6.1.2 Qualitative Performance Crite
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upper right have completely converg
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Figure 6-38. The progression of the
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The slight difference in alignment
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Figure 6-42. eBirdRad display based
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Figure 6-44. A partial history of t
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6.2 SAMPLING PROTOCOL 6.2.1 Quantit
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Figure 6-46. Image from the track h
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Table 6-14. Dates, times and names
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Figure 6-48. Fifteen-minute (06:04-
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Figure 6-50. Fifteen-minute (02:24-
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We used a TVW to process the plots
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Figure 6-53. In an example of night
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6.2.1.4 Efficiently Stores Bird Tra
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Figure 6-56 shows sites 13-24 in th
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We extracted the radar data for thi
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Figure 6-57. Digital image of the d
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Table 6-17. Altitudinal distributio
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hours apart, showed considerable va
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• The sampling event time period
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underwent a 4-minute initialization
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Figure 6-62. DRP Live application l
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commands we issued to the radar; th
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4. Range Decrease (x7) 5. Range Inc
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Figure 6-65, Figure 6-66, and Figur
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6.2.2.4 Provides Spatial Distributi
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Figure 6-69. A plot of all track ac
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Figure 6-71. Twelve 2-hour historie
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Figure 6-72. TVW application displa
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Conclusion Figure 6-74. Oblique vie
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Archived Data to a GIS We used the
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(SQL). Extracting target data from
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Figure 6-78. Daily, unfiltered, tra
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Figure 6-79. Time periods selected
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Figure 6-82. Hourly track count ove
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esults are displayed in Figure 6-83
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As can be seen in Figure 6-83, the
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Figure 6-84 clearly demonstrates th
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Conclusion We have successfully dem
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LAN within a facility to the operat
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All reference times were recorded i
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Description of Remote Display - As
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mounted laptop computer (Figure 6-8
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very good because the system was sa
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operations personnel or their contr
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Figure 6-90. Alarm status pane and
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Figure 6-92. Alarm triggered as a f
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Figure 6-95. Screen capture of the
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Figure 6-96. An example from a data
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Table 6-29. Differences found betwe
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6.4 DATA INTEGRATION 6.4.1 Quantita
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Figure 6-100. Screen captures for S
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We used a screen-capture program at
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Results Table 6-32 records the time
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We acquired the appropriate plots a
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Figure 6-105. Track histories of ta
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synchronized, both spatially and te
Page 263 and 264: 0.004687 seconds ahead of the NTP t
Page 265 and 266: Figure 6-108: COP display showing f
Page 267 and 268: Figure 6-110: TVW display showing t
Page 269 and 270: The next example from NASWI involve
Page 271 and 272: Figure 6-114: TVW display showing t
Page 273 and 274: Figure 6-116: COP display showing a
Page 275 and 276: Fusion processing was enabled in th
Page 277 and 278: processing associated with this dat
Page 279 and 280: Figure 6-122: Track IDs shown for b
Page 281 and 282: Conclusion We successfully demonstr
Page 283 and 284: Of course, many other factors contr
Page 285 and 286: one, Jim Swift, had been exposed to
Page 287 and 288: Methods The US military 27 designat
Page 289 and 290: Natural R.esoan:es Br.mch 22541Jolm
Page 291 and 292: Given these considerations, the IVA
Page 293 and 294: Results No maintenance was required
Page 295 and 296: acquired and is testing JRC S-band
Page 297 and 298: areas of overlap. Data fusion algor
Page 299 and 300: 6.8 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND PER
Page 301 and 302: Table 7-1. Cost Model for a Standal
Page 303 and 304: additional processors account of th
Page 305 and 306: Installation Site Assessment - Rada
Page 307 and 308: e incurred, depending on what infor
Page 309 and 310: eal time, avian radars and can dete
Page 311 and 312: Network Connectivity. The US Depart
Page 313: Airport Improvement Program (AIP) f
Page 317 and 318: APPENDIX A. POINTS OF CONTACT POINT
Page 319 and 320: POINT OF CONTACT Name Ryan King Mat
Page 321 and 322: APPENDIX B. ANALYTICAL METHODS SUPP
Page 323 and 324: METHOD #2: VALIDATION BY IMAGE COMP
Page 325 and 326: The pattern of yellows and blues in
Page 327 and 328: Radar Team (RT) Site Selection Sinc
Page 329 and 330: will measured the magnetic bearing
Page 331 and 332: Figure B-6. Using a GPS to record s
Page 333 and 334: • Visual Observer - observes bird
Page 335 and 336: Figure B-9. Flowchart of target con
Page 337 and 338: VT: “Radar, Team 2-Alpha copies T
Page 339 and 340: eam and the VTs have difficulty loc
Page 341 and 342: why it was changed, who made the ch
Page 343 and 344: METHOD #4: CONFIRMATION OF BIRD TAR
Page 345 and 346: Figure B-12. Duplexed image showing
Page 347 and 348: Table B-2. Dates, times, and antenn
Page 349 and 350: For the analysis of the simultaneou
Page 351 and 352: Table B-3. Altitude of the radar be
Page 353 and 354: Figure B-17. Diagram of sampling
Page 355 and 356: METHOD #6: DEMONSTRATING REAL-TIME
Page 357 and 358: APPENDIX C. DATA QUALITY ASSURANCE/
Page 359 and 360: APPENDIX D. SUPPORTING DATA D.1 Par
Page 361 and 362: Table D-1 (cont.). Date Track ID Up
Page 363 and 364: Table D-1 (cont.). Date Track ID Up
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Table D-1 (cont.). Date Track ID Up
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D.2 Listing of One-Hour Track Histo
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Table D-2 (cont.). 07:00-08:00 WI_A
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APPENDIX E. SURVEY OF AIRPORT PERSO
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used as the real-time target becaus
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Table E-1. Remote radar display lat
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7. Please rate the following where
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