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etween an event and a response to that event. In other words, what constitutes real time depends upon how an event and the response to that event are defined. In the context of avian radars, if the event is simply defined as transmitting a burst of energy from the radar transceiver, and the response is defined as detecting the return of some of that energy from a target, then real time is measured in milliseconds. If the response is defined as detecting movement by a target such as a bird, then real time would on the order of several seconds – the time it takes to detect and compare the position of a target in two successive scans of the radar. This definition of real time may have a longer timeline if the event-response includes the time it takes to first acquire the target as it moves into the radar beam, which may require 3-4 scans to form successive plots into a confirmed track. And finally, real time could be on the order of tens of seconds in a “sense & alert” scenario, where the response is to generate an alert when a confirmed target is headed toward a predefined space, such as the approach corridor at an airfield or a waste water containment pond. Unless otherwise stated, “real time” is used in this and other IVAR documents to mean that the processor can continuously track the movements of all confirmed targets within the sampling volume of the radar beam, including computing and recording all parametric data for each of the targets, in the time it takes for a single scan of the radar – nominally 2.5 seconds for the avian radar systems used in the IVAR studies. 2.4.2 BirdRad - Analog Radars with Manual Tracking BirdRad is an analog avian radar system that was developed by Dr. Gauthreaux at Clemson University with funding from the DOD Legacy Program Office (Gauthreaux, 1999). The Furuno 2155BB radar sensor transceiver (RST) and parabolic dish antenna used for BirdRad were mounted on a wheeled cart and connected to a support trailer by a 50 ft umbilical cable, as illustrated in Figure 2-2. The cable provides power to and control of the RST and carries the received analog radar signals to the processing electronics inside the trailer. The output from a global positioning system (GPS) unit mounted on the roof of the BirdRad trailer is also fed into the processing electronics of the FR-2155BB. The output from the “black box” processing electronics of the FR-2155BB is connected to a standard analog plan position indicator (PPI) display. The position of the radar is at the center of the display, the degrees of azimuth are displayed around the perimeter, and the range rings are displayed outward from the center (see Figure 2-3) – in this case, at 450 m (0.25 nmi) increments. While the output signal from the 2155BB can be displayed directly on a CRT or computer monitor, in the BirdRad configuration the output first passes through a video capture board in a desktop PC and then to the computer monitor. This allows the operator to view the PPI display on the computer monitor and, through the use of a companion software product, to save static images (screen captures) of the PPI display as graphic files on the computer’s hard disk. 14
Figure 2-2. Configuration of BirdRad system. A useful feature of the FR-2155BB, and another reason for choosing this particular model, is the user-selectable “True Trails” display. In this mode, the radar displays returns from the current scan in yellow; it displays returns from the previous 15 scans in graduated shades of blue (see Figure 2-3). The current returns (i.e., the yellow) overwrite any prior returns (i.e., the blue) on the screen. Thus, the radar displays stationary targets such as buildings and trees in yellow, the current position of moving targets in yellow, and the previous positions of moving targets in dimmer shades of blue. Figure 2-3 displays this effect seen quite clearly, with the target that is east-northeast of the radar, moving in an east-southeast direction. The faint red circle (added after the image was captured) highlights the current position (yellow blob) of the target (in this case, a flock of Mallards), while a straight line of blue blobs denoting returns from the target’s prior positions trails off behind it. Other, shorter target trails (faint red circles) can also be seen in this image. [Note: This image was recorded at NAS Whidbey Island (NASWI), WA. The two sets of faint parallel blue lines were also added after the image was captured to delineate the positions of the NASWI runways.] The target trails display in Figure 2-3 is not true tracking: The radar processor has no information to connect one blob on the screen to another. The processor is simply displaying a color-coded history of radar returns that provides the human observer with the visual cues to “connect-the-blobs”, as it were, and more readily recognize moving targets. 15
Page 1 and 2: FINAL REPORT Integration and Valida
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents List of Tables ..
Page 5 and 6: APPENDIX A. POINTS OF CONTACT .....
Page 7 and 8: Table 6-17. Altitudinal distributio
Page 9 and 10: List of Figures Figure 2-1. Chronol
Page 11 and 12: Figure 6-17. Plot of the northing c
Page 13 and 14: Figure 6-42. eBirdRad display based
Page 15 and 16: Figure 6-82. Hourly track count ove
Page 17 and 18: Figure 6-115: COP display showing f
Page 19 and 20: List of Acronyms Acronym AGL AIP AR
Page 21 and 22: Acronym RST RT SEA SQL SSC Pacific
Page 23 and 24: Carmen Lombardo Naval Air Station,
Page 25 and 26: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Military bases an
Page 27 and 28: database and redistributed to other
Page 29 and 30: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Encro
Page 31 and 32: A seventh objective, the Functional
Page 33 and 34: Table 1-1 (cont.). IVAR TASK/ OBJEC
Page 35 and 36: environmental stewardship with miss
Page 37 and 38: 2 TECHNOLOGY/METHODOLOGY DESCRIPTIO
Page 39 and 40: The original BirdRad system was des
Page 41: 2.4 TECHNOLOGY/METHODOLOGY DEVELOPM
Page 45 and 46: 2.4.3 eBirdRad - Digital Radars wit
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2-5. Interior view of the eB
Page 49 and 50: accuracy and target continuity over
Page 51 and 52: permanently installed at SEA. Prior
Page 53 and 54: 2.5 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF T
Page 55 and 56: 3 PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES Table 3-1
Page 57 and 58: Table 3-1 (cont.). Performance Obje
Page 65 and 66: For the third test, Validation Usin
Page 67 and 68: temporal domain by recording all bi
Page 69 and 70: 3.1.2.2.7 Provides Bird Abundance o
Page 71 and 72: difference in the time (i.e., the l
Page 73 and 74: 3.1.6.2.4 Maintenance [SE4.2] We es
Page 75 and 76: Table 4-1. Summary of the IVAR stud
Page 77 and 78: 4.1 MCAS CHERRY POINT Marine Corps
Page 79 and 80: 2006 the primary eBirdRad unit from
Page 81 and 82: (directional WiFi) to the Internet.
Page 83 and 84: • Large (several thousand) flocks
Page 85 and 86: location for demonstrating the capa
Page 87 and 88: 5.1 CONCEPTUAL TEST DESIGN 5 TEST D
Page 89 and 90: 5.3 DESIGN AND LAYOUT OF TECHNOLOGY
Page 91 and 92: Assuming these lines evidence confi
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that dataset [Section 6.5.1.3]. 5.5
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6 PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT The Perfor
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ecord the time, Track ID, and other
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Figure 6-1. Percentage of targets c
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Comparing the performance of dish v
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Figure 6-4. The basic sensor elemen
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Figure 6-6. The polygon around the
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Figure 6-8. Diagram of sampling “
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• It takes several scans (nominal
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Session Correla tions 600 500 y = 1
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To evaluate the capabilities of the
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Figure 6-15. Runway 3 at SEA, showi
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comparisons between the RCH-GPS dat
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Figure 6-18. Plot of the northing c
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Figure 6-20. Plot of the easting co
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Conclusion In the quantitative perf
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Table 6-8. Column headings of the T
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Table 6-9 demonstrates quantitative
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Table 6-10. The parameters of targe
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Table 6-11. The position of Visual
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Table 6-12. Solitary targets at MCA
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Figure 6-23. The track of target T2
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intended to demonstrate these syste
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Figure 6-34. Screen capture of bird
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6.1.2 Qualitative Performance Crite
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upper right have completely converg
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Figure 6-38. The progression of the
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The slight difference in alignment
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Figure 6-42. eBirdRad display based
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Figure 6-44. A partial history of t
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6.2 SAMPLING PROTOCOL 6.2.1 Quantit
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Figure 6-46. Image from the track h
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Table 6-14. Dates, times and names
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Figure 6-48. Fifteen-minute (06:04-
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Figure 6-50. Fifteen-minute (02:24-
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We used a TVW to process the plots
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Figure 6-53. In an example of night
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6.2.1.4 Efficiently Stores Bird Tra
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Figure 6-56 shows sites 13-24 in th
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We extracted the radar data for thi
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Figure 6-57. Digital image of the d
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Table 6-17. Altitudinal distributio
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hours apart, showed considerable va
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• The sampling event time period
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underwent a 4-minute initialization
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Figure 6-62. DRP Live application l
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commands we issued to the radar; th
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4. Range Decrease (x7) 5. Range Inc
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Figure 6-65, Figure 6-66, and Figur
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6.2.2.4 Provides Spatial Distributi
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Figure 6-69. A plot of all track ac
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Figure 6-71. Twelve 2-hour historie
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Figure 6-72. TVW application displa
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Conclusion Figure 6-74. Oblique vie
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Archived Data to a GIS We used the
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(SQL). Extracting target data from
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Figure 6-78. Daily, unfiltered, tra
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Figure 6-79. Time periods selected
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Figure 6-82. Hourly track count ove
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esults are displayed in Figure 6-83
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As can be seen in Figure 6-83, the
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Figure 6-84 clearly demonstrates th
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Conclusion We have successfully dem
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LAN within a facility to the operat
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All reference times were recorded i
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Description of Remote Display - As
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mounted laptop computer (Figure 6-8
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very good because the system was sa
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operations personnel or their contr
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Figure 6-90. Alarm status pane and
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Figure 6-92. Alarm triggered as a f
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Figure 6-95. Screen capture of the
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Figure 6-96. An example from a data
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Table 6-29. Differences found betwe
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6.4 DATA INTEGRATION 6.4.1 Quantita
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Figure 6-100. Screen captures for S
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We used a screen-capture program at
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Results Table 6-32 records the time
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We acquired the appropriate plots a
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Figure 6-105. Track histories of ta
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synchronized, both spatially and te
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0.004687 seconds ahead of the NTP t
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Figure 6-108: COP display showing f
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Figure 6-110: TVW display showing t
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The next example from NASWI involve
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Figure 6-114: TVW display showing t
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Figure 6-116: COP display showing a
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Fusion processing was enabled in th
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processing associated with this dat
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Figure 6-122: Track IDs shown for b
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Conclusion We successfully demonstr
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Of course, many other factors contr
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one, Jim Swift, had been exposed to
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Methods The US military 27 designat
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Natural R.esoan:es Br.mch 22541Jolm
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Given these considerations, the IVA
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Results No maintenance was required
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acquired and is testing JRC S-band
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areas of overlap. Data fusion algor
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6.8 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND PER
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Table 7-1. Cost Model for a Standal
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additional processors account of th
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Installation Site Assessment - Rada
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e incurred, depending on what infor
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eal time, avian radars and can dete
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Network Connectivity. The US Depart
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Airport Improvement Program (AIP) f
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9 REFERENCES Anderson, C., and S. O
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APPENDIX A. POINTS OF CONTACT POINT
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POINT OF CONTACT Name Ryan King Mat
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APPENDIX B. ANALYTICAL METHODS SUPP
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METHOD #2: VALIDATION BY IMAGE COMP
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The pattern of yellows and blues in
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Radar Team (RT) Site Selection Sinc
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will measured the magnetic bearing
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Figure B-6. Using a GPS to record s
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• Visual Observer - observes bird
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Figure B-9. Flowchart of target con
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VT: “Radar, Team 2-Alpha copies T
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eam and the VTs have difficulty loc
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why it was changed, who made the ch
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METHOD #4: CONFIRMATION OF BIRD TAR
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Figure B-12. Duplexed image showing
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Table B-2. Dates, times, and antenn
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For the analysis of the simultaneou
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Table B-3. Altitude of the radar be
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Figure B-17. Diagram of sampling
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METHOD #6: DEMONSTRATING REAL-TIME
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APPENDIX C. DATA QUALITY ASSURANCE/
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APPENDIX D. SUPPORTING DATA D.1 Par
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Table D-1 (cont.). Date Track ID Up
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D.2 Listing of One-Hour Track Histo
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Table D-2 (cont.). 07:00-08:00 WI_A
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APPENDIX E. SURVEY OF AIRPORT PERSO
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used as the real-time target becaus
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Table E-1. Remote radar display lat
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7. Please rate the following where
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