ICMCTF 2012! - CD-Lab Application Oriented Coating Development

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metal interconnects are discussed. Moreover, the improvement of electrical performance by the coating of La0.85Sr0.15CoO3 will be also mentioned in this paper. Interconnects are exposed to both fuel and air sides at operating temperature and electric current passes through interconnect during the operation. The oxidation of Fe-16Cr ferritic alloy was carried out at 1073 K in the single atmosphere. 1) Cr2O3 scale formed on the alloy and Mn-Cr spinel was located on the top of the Cr2O3 scale. The oxidation in dual atmosphere without electric current exhibited the similar morphology and growth rate to those in the single atmosphere. 2) Parabolic rate constants in both sides were almost the same because the n-type defect structure may be predominant in both cases. The oxidation of Fe-25Cr ferritic alloy at 1073 K in dual atmosphere with electric current prevailed that the growth of Cr2O3 scale was accelerated at the anode side and suppressed at the cathode side. 3) The kinetic equation describing the growth rate of Cr2O3 scale was derived in terms of electric current, which enables to estimate both the scale thickness and areal specific resistivity (ASR). The control of oxidation kinetics at the anode side is essential to improve electrical performance of interconnect during the long-term operation. The coating of La0.85Sr0.15CoO3 onto alloy surface is effective way of improving electrical conductivity of interconnect in oxidizing atmosphere at high temperatures. 4,5) Solid state reaction between the coating and Cr2O3 scale gives the conductive oxide phases in the Sr-Cr-O ternary system. 6) 1) T. Brylewski, M. Nanko, T. Maruyama and K. Przybylski, Solid State Ionics, 143, 131-150(2001). 2) H. Kurokawa, K. Kawamura and T. Maruyama, Solid State Ionics, 168, 13-21(2004). 3) K. Kawamura, T. Nitobe, H. Kurokawa, M. Ueda and T. Maruyama, unpublished data. 4) T. Kadowaki, T. Shiomitsu, E. Matsuda, H. Nakagawa, H. Tsuneizumi and T. Maruyama, Solid State Ionics, 67, 65-69(1993). 5) T. Shiomitsu, T. Kadowaki, T. Ogawa and T. Maruyama, Proceeding of The Electrochemical Society, PV 95-1, 850-857(1995). 6) T. Maruyama, T. Inoue and K. Nagata, Proceeding of The Electrochemical Society, PV 95-1, 889-894(1995). 10:40am A3-1/F8-1-9 Microstructural Investigation of Co- and REnanocoatings on FeCr Steels, S. Canovic (sead.canovic@chalmers.se), J. Froitzheim, R. Sachitanand, M. Nikumaa, M. Halvarsson, L-G. Johansson, J.-E. Svensson, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden For the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) design, both ceramic and metallic materials are considered as construction materials for the interconnectors. Compared to the ceramics, metallic materials are easier to fabricate, and therefore cheaper, they are less brittle, easier to machine and they possess higher electrical and thermal conductivity than most ceramics. Based on the requirements such as oxidation resistance, low thermal expansion coefficient and electrical conductivity of surface oxide scales, high-Cr ferritic steels seem to be promising metallic interconnector materials. However, there are some problems that have to be overcome. The main problem for application of metallic interconnector materials in SOFCs is their reactivity with the anode and cathode side environments at the high operating temperatures. The resulting high temperature corrosion leads to e.g. dimensional changes, deterioration of mechanical properties and formation of oxide scales on the surface that often leads to low electrical conductivity. Another related problem is the chromium evaporation from the steel resulting in poisoning of the electrode surfaces in the fuel cell. One way to overcome these problems is to coat the steel with a thin (in the nm range) coating that improves the relevant properties of the steel. In this work Co- and reactive element (RE)-coatings have been deposited on FeCr steel (Sanergy HT). Furnace exposures are used to evaluate the effect of the coatings. The exposures are made in cathode-like environment (air containing 3% H2O) during 168 h at 850°C. The surface morphology and microstructure of the grown oxide scales were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Cross-section TEM thin foils were prepared using a combined FIB/SEM (focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope) instrument, whereby electron transparency was achieved throughout the coating thickness. The detailed microstructure of the different coatings will be described in this work. Thursday Morning, April 26, 2012 72 11:00am A3-1/F8-1-10 Nafion membrane surface coated with selfassembly membrane containing nanometer-sized Pt-Sn particles to mitigate methanol crossover, C.H. Lin, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, C.H. Wan (chiehhao@mdu.edu.tw), MingDao University, Taiwan, M.T. Lin, W. Wu, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan This paper uses a self-assembly membrane of PAH/PSS (PAH, poly (allylamine hydrochloride; PSS, polystyrene sulfonic acid sodium salt) containing the Pt50-Sn50nanoparticles that adsorbed on Nafion membrane surface using the layer-by-layer technique to suppress the methanol crossover and improve the cell performance. Nanometer-sized Pt50-Sn50 particles dispersed in the self-assembly PAH/PSS membrane are synthesized by the reduction of Pt and Sn ions which adjacent to the -SO3 - groups of PSS in the presence of NaBH4. Formation of Pt50-Sn50 nanoparticles and the growth of self-assembly membrane on Nafion membrane were monitored by the UV-visible spectroscopy. The methanol crossover rate and proton conductivity of Nafion membrane were measured by the CO2 sensor at the cathode exhaust and impedance analyzer. According to the results, the particle size depends on the molar ratio of PSS to Pt and Sn ions in the solution. Nafion membrane with Pt50-Sn50 nanoparticles dispersed in PAH/PSS self assembly membrane reduces the methanol crossover up to 15% and improves output power of 20% as compared to the cell with the un-modified Nafion membrane. Furthermore, the thickness of self-assembly layers strongly affected the rate of methanol crossover and the proton conductivity of membrane. The existence of Pt50- Sn50 nanoparticle in PAH/PSS self assembly membrane is believed to react with the crossed-over methanol. It thus reduces the mixture potential effect at cathode and improves the output power of DMFC. 11:20am A3-1/F8-1-11 Suppression of methanol crossover with selfassembly membrane containing Pt35-Ru65 catalyst particles coated on Nafion membrane surface, C.H. Wan (chiehhao@mdu.edu.tw), MingDao University, Taiwan, M.T. Lin, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, Y. Jheng, MingDao University, Taiwan Methanol crossover is one of the key barriers for the commercialization of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC). In this paper, a bilayer of self assembly membrane of poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH)/ polystyrene sulfonic acid sodium salt (PSS) containing Pt35-Ru65 catalyst particles is coated on the Nafion membrane surface through the layer-by-layer technique to mitigate the methanol crossover and enhance the cell performance. Nanometer-sized Pt35-Ru65 particles dispersed in the self-assembly membrane are produced using the reduction of Pt and Ru ions in PSS. The content of Pt and Ru ions in the bilayer and the bilayer thickness are monitored by UV-visible spectroscopy. SEM, EDS and XRD are adopted to characterize the surface morphology, chemical composition, phases, crystalline and particle size of the resulted Pt-Ru. Experimental results show that the thickness of 5 bilayer of PAH/PSS self-assembly membrane is 30nm. Nafion membrane surface coated with Pt35-Ru65 particles dispersed in PAH/PSS self-assembly membrane mitigates the methanol crossover up to 25% and performance improvement of 15% at 80 � . This is because the Pt35-Ru65 catalyst particles in self-assembly membrane react with the crossed-over methanol and the low methanol permeability of PAH/PSS self-assembly membrane reduces the rate of methanol crossover. Therefore, self-assembly membrane with Pt35-Ru65 catalyst particles functions like a reactive methanol filter and methanol barrier. The thickness of self-assembly membrane strongly affects the suppression of methanol crossover and performance improvement. 11:40am A3-1/F8-1-12 Supercapacitance of Bamboo-Type Anodic Titania Nanotubes Array, Z. Endut (rg253c@yahoo.com), M.H. Abd Shukor, Center of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing, Malaysia, W.J. Basirun, University of Malaya, Malaysia Oriented titania nanotubes array can be formed by self-organizing anodization of Ti foil in organic electrolytes with fluoride ions. Bambootype of titania nanotubes array was introduced to investigate the effect of tube smoothness on pseudocapacitive properties. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize surface morphological and tube smoothness while cyclic voltammetry, charge-discharge testing and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is used to investigate suitability of these nanostructures as pseudocapacitor electrodes. Bamboo-type titania nanotubes array showed higher specific surface area and high specific capacitance and energy density with excellent reversibility and long-term stability. This simple and cost saving binder free electrode is considered as a promising candidate for supercapacitor application.
Hard Coatings and Vapor Deposition Technology Room: Royal Palm 4-6 - Session B2-1 CVD Coatings and Technologies Moderator: F. Maury, CIRIMAT, France, S. Ruppi, Walter AG, Germany 8:00am B2-1-1 AlTiN-CVD coatings - a new coating family for cast iron cutting with a high productivity, P. Immich (pimmich@lmtfette.com), U. Kretzschmann, U. Schunk, M. Rommel, LMT Fette Werkzeugtechnik, Germany, R. Pitonak, R. Weißenbacher, Böhlerit, Austria The ever increasing demand for higher productivity in manufacturing requires advanced hard coatings. The coatings can be tailored using PVD and CVD processes to exhibit for example higher hardness and / or enhanced oxidation resistance and good adhesion. Nowadays most PVD coatings based on the Ti-Al-N system with addition of silicon, chromium, boron or yttrium and are commercial available. The system Ti-Al-N offers a very good combination of a hardness and ductility. PVD coatings offering compared to CVD coatings compressive stresses without any post treatment and high deposition rates. But the development horizon on the PVD Ti-Al- N system is limited, because starting at around 66at% Aluminium content a phase change from the cubic to the wurzite structure can be seen. On the other side CVD processes offering a good adhesion and are very stable process behaviour especially at the deposition of oxide coatings. Also they offering compared to the PVD processes even using the new HIPIMS process a nearly homogenous coating distribution around the cutting edge. Depending on the insert geometry a high coating thickness on the cutting face offering high wear resistance. Since the last couple of years no new hard coatings systems were investigated and developed in the CVD sector. The development focus was often - working on the stress behaviour in the coating or the coating architecture. Today in the field of cast iron cutting PVD-TiAlSiN or even PVD-AlTiN coatings with a high hot hardness compete against well establish CVD TiN/TiCN/alpha-Al2O3 or kappa-Al2O3 coatings gaining more and more market share in the milling and also in the turning operation. The logic development way is now the combination of the good things from both worlds: the system Ti-Al-N from PVD and the good adhesion and coating distribution from CVD. By using a new developed the CVD process it is possible to deposit cubic AlTiN-CVD coatings even above 70% Aluminium with superior coating properties. In this regard this coating family was analysed using common thin film techniques revealing hardness, Young´s modulus and coating adhesion. This new develop coating is tested in milling experiments in cast iron comparing conventional state of the art hard-coatings. The developed coating shows a significant increase of tool life even at higher cutting speeds. 8:20am B2-1-2 C2H6 as precursor for low pressure chemical vapour deposition of TiCNB hard coatings, C. Czettl (christoph.czettl@ceratizit.com), Ceratizit Austria GmbH, Austria, C. Mitterer, Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria, M. Penoy, C. Michotte, Ceratizit Luxembourg S.àr.l., Luxembourg, M. Kathrein, Ceratizit Austria GmbH, Austria Multilayered hard coatings grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are used for wear protection of indexable cemented carbide inserts, applied in turning, milling, parting and grooving operations. A TiCN base layer deposited at low temperatures is a crucial feature for wear resistance and toughness of the tools. Beside the medium-temperature TiCN process using CH3CN as carbon feed, which is commonly used for hard coatings, C2H6 can be applied to deposit TiCN with high carbon content at temperatures around 920 °C. In order to influence the structure and properties of this base layer, three different amounts of BCl3 were added to the feed gas. The deposition runs were carried out using an industrial-scale low-pressure CVD system. The coatings were grown using a TiCl4-C2H6-H2-N2-BCl3 feed gas system with a total flux of 65.6 l/min. The deposition temperature was 920 °C, the deposition pressure 1.6×10 4 Pa. The thickness of the coatings was measured by light optical microscopy on polished cross-sections. Phase composition and preferred orientation of crystallites were characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Surface topography and fracture cross-sections were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Surface roughness was measured using a confocal profilometer. Indentation hardness and indentation modulus of the coatings were determined using nanoindentation with a Berkovich indentor. The chemical composition of the different coatings was analyzed by glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy. The increasing amount of BCl3 in the feed gas resulted in higher boron contents of the coating, which in turn yielded higher hardness and modified microstructures. The grain size decreased with increasing boron content, while the morphology changed from equiaxed grains to a fine lamellar structure. Transmission electron microscopy analyses showed that the incorporation of boron led to a homogenous distribution of voids within the TiCN grains and to an increasing density of defects with increasing boron content. In milling and turning tests, an increased lifetime for coatings with low amounts of boron compared to the TiCN coatings without boron was obtained. 8:40am B2-1-3 The Effects of Microstructure and Thermal Stresses on the Hardness of CVD Deposited α‐Al2O3 and TiCxN(1‐x) Coatings, H. Chien, Carnegie Mellon University, US, Z. Ban, P. Prichard, Y. Liu, Kennametal Incorporated, US, S. Rohrer (rohrer@cmu.edu), Carnegie Mellon University, US INVITED The microstructures of four different CVD Deposited α‐Al2O3 and TiCxN(1‐ x) coatings were determined by cross sectional electron backscatter diffraction mapping. The harnesses of the layers were also measured by nanoindentation. Using the microstructural data as input, two‐dimensional finite element analysis was used to calculate the residual thermal stresses in these materials. The thermal stresses and stored elastic energy in the α‐ Al2O3 layer are larger than those in the TiCxN(1‐x) layer. Furthermore, the mean value and distribution of stored elastic energy are influenced by the texture in the alumina layer. Coatings with weaker texture have a broader distribution of thermal stresses. Coatings with alumina oriented so that the [0001] direction is parallel to the film growth direction have less stored elastic energy. This is because the thermal expansion perpendicular to [0001] is less than the thermal expansion parallel to [0001] and, therefore, the thermal expansion mismatch between the alumina coating and the substrate is minimized when grains are oriented with [0001] perpendicular to the substrate. The thermal stresses in hypothetical coatings with synthetic microstructures were also computed. These calculations tested the effects of coating thickness, channel crack spacing, composition of the TiCxN(1‐x) layer, grain aspect ratio, and cobalt enrichment of the substrate on the thermal stresses. Based on the thermal stresses, it is concluded that the three most significant factors influencing coating hardness, ordered from most significant to least significant, are the composition of the TiCxN(1‐x) layer, the channel crack spacing, and the cobalt enrichment of the substrate. 9:20am B2-1-5 3D EBSD analysis of CVD ceramics coatings, M. Igarashi, A. Osada (aosada@mmc.co.jp), Mitsubishi Materials Corporation, Japan, C. Schuh, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, US Al2O3 and TiCN coatings have been widely used in cutting tools. TiCN has high hardness. Al2O3 maintains high hardness and excellent oxidation resistance under such a severe cutting condition. Moreover, it is well known that the orientations of these coatings effect their performance. For instance, specific oriented Al2O3 represents higher performance than the other orientations. These coatings are deformed during cutting, and wear out at last. Therefore it is necessary to investigate the deformation mechanism of such ceramics coatings. In this study, (422) and (220) oriented TiCN coatings and (006) oriented Al2O3 coatings with low and high CSL boundaries are prepared. These samples are indented with Micro Vickers . Deformed areas are observed in 3 dimension s with FIB and EBSD system. The effects of orientations and grain boundaries on deformation are discussed in details. 9:40am B2-1-6 TiSiN and TiSiCN hard coatings by CVD, I. Endler (Ingolf.Endler@ikts.fraunhofer.de), M. Höhn, J. Schmidt, S. Scholz, M. Herrmann, Fraunhofer IKTS, Germany, M. Knaut, TU Dresden, Germany TiN and TiCxNy are commercial CVD coatings widely used for cutting tool applications. A promising route for improving hardness and oxidation resistance is the addition of silicon. Thermal CVD method was employed using gas mixtures containing TiCl4 and the silicon chlorides SiCl4 or Si2Cl6. This work is focussed on the investigation of structure, composition and properties of the TiSiN and TiSiCN coatings deposited on hardmetal inserts. TiSiN layers with a nanocomposite structure were obtained with SiCl4 as well as Si2Cl6 in a temperature range between 800°C and 900°C. In both cases ammonia was used as nitrogen precursor. The crystalline phases TiN, and at 900°C Ti5Si3 as well, were analysed by XRD. From the TEM investigation of a layer deposited at 850°C it is evident that the nanocrystalline TiN is embedded in an amorphous phase. The amorphous phase is silicon nitride. The hardness correlates well with the silicon content and the grain size. A maximum hardness about 37 GPa was observed at a silicon content between 6 and 8 at.% if SiCl4 was applied as silicon precursor. In this silicon concentration range a TiN grain size of 14.5 nm was determined. If Si2Cl6 was used the hardness maximum of 38 GPa was already achieved at a lower silicon content of 3.5 at.%. The corresponding TiN grain size is 16.4 nm. The investigation of the oxidation behavior 73 Thursday Morning, April 26, 2012
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I C M C T F 2 0 1 2 INTERNATIONAL C
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Welcoming Remarks
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2012 ICMCTF SCHEDULE OF EVENTS DAY
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SYMPOSIUM A Coatings for Use at Hig
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Marco Cremona Pontificia Universida
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Exhibitor Keynote Lecture Tuesday,
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2011/12, discuss ideas and prioriti
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At the focus topic, from the experi
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2012 R.F. Bunshah Annual Award & IC
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ICMCTF 2012 Graduate Student Awards
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ICMCTF 2012 thanks Plansee for thei
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ICMCTF 2012 thanks AJA Internationa
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ICMCTF 2012 thanks CemeCon for thei
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ICMCTF 2012 Short Courses April 22
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ICMCTF 2012 Planning Grid We provid
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Key to Session/Paper Numbers A Coat
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Monday Morning, April 23, 2012 Fund
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New Horizons in Coatings and Thin F
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Fundamentals and Technology of Mult
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Advanced Characterization of Coatin
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Hard Coatings and Vapor Deposition
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Tribology & Mechanical Behavior of
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Coatings for Use at High Temperatur
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Applications, Manufacturing, and Eq
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Wednesday Afternoon, April 25, 2012
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Thursday Afternoon Poster Sessions
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Free Caricatures & Massages!! E-1 V
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ICMCTF 2012 EXHIBIT HALL Internatio
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I C M C T F 2012 S P O N S O R S Bo
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All in Good Measure A 24 µm scan o
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Call For Abstracts Deadline: MAY 2,
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CC800 ® /9 HIPIMS true integration
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Exhibit Hall Reception - Atlas Ball
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Kaufman & Robinson announces their
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Miba Coating Group is the specialis
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PLANSEE SE, 6600 Reutte, Austria, T
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� ��
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Plenary Talk Room: Golden Ballroom
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content. Analyses of the oxidised c
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- The control on the gradient in re
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μ = 0.4 to μ = 0.9). On the other
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application tests the ta-C coated d
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4:10pm C2-2/F4-2-10 Investigation o
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process with surfactant on WO3/ITO
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is already reported. To further com
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conditions. The details of the comp
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Page 123 and 124: Coatings for Use at High Temperatur
Page 125 and 126: eactive gases with the target mater
Page 127 and 128: Hard Coatings and Vapor Deposition
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Page 131 and 132: transparent conducting layers. Howe
Page 133 and 134: methods provide similar carrier den
Page 135 and 136: of AISI 52100 steels by developing
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Page 141 and 142: coatings removed from the aluminum
Page 143 and 144: spectroscopy varies from 25 at% to
Page 145 and 146: This article describes how to use s
Page 147 and 148: een demonstrated both theoretically
Page 149 and 150: Furthermore, the silane coupling ag
Page 151 and 152: 10:40am A1-1-9 High temperature oxi
Page 153 and 154: 10:40am B4-2-10 Understanding the d
Page 155 and 156: 11:00am B5-1-10 Hard nanocrystallin
Page 157 and 158: * Sandia National Laboratories is a
Page 159 and 160: fluidized bed of tin, zinc and alum
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Page 165 and 166: duration for super-low friction see
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Page 169 and 170: 2:30pm TS1-1-3 Surface engineering
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Page 175 and 176: X-ray diffraction patterns of the Z
Page 177 and 178: 11:20am B6-1-11 Direct current magn
Page 179 and 180: loading situations could help to ob
Page 181 and 182: Energetic Materials and Micro-Struc
Page 183 and 184: The present work was supported by t
Page 185 and 186: silica-based hydrophilic coatings i
Page 187 and 188: extent depending on the actual grow
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Page 201 and 202: BP-26 Characterization of laser abl
Page 203 and 204: BP-38 Stress signature of an amorph
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Page 207 and 208: CP-17 Effects of UV Light Treatment
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Page 213 and 214: EP-5 The effective Indenter concept
Page 215 and 216: the substrates directly or after ra
Page 217 and 218: as-grown films using textured Si as
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Page 221 and 222: FP-24 Effect of hydrogen addition o
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oxide obtained was correlated to th
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Post Deadline Discoveries and Innov
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chemical bonds have also been achie
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9:40am B3-1-6 Compressive stress ge
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10:20am D2-1-8 Corrosion Resistance
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property combination is attractive
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PVD is a challenging task. The pres
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Chang, G.W.: C2-3/F4-3-3, 29; GP-3,
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Huang, K.H.: BP-33, 102 Huang, P.H.
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Moody, N.R.: F6-1-1, 7 Moon, S.: D1
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Szeremley, D.: G3-1-7, 68 Szesz, E.
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NOTES 145
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Description of Research Highlights:
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their presentations in order to eva
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NOTES 151
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153
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