FATE OF MERCURY IN THE ARCTIC Michael Evan ... - COGCI

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Fate of Mercury in the Arctic 12 1.1 The aim of this work The purpose of this work is to better understand the temporal, and spatial patterns of mercury deposition and accumulation in the Arctic, gaining an understanding of the chemical and depositional processes so that they might be applied to models of atmospheric transport and deposition and eventually policy decisions. To meet this aim, specific scientific questions were addressed. These specified questions contained implied questions or tasks that must be answered or addressed in order to investigate the specification. The specified and implied questions addressed in this Ph.D. work are as follows: Specified 1. What is the deposition of reactive gaseous mercury to the Arctic following a mercury depletion incident, and what is the depositional velocity of RGM? Implied 1.1. Reactive gaseous mercury, RGM, flux must be measured concurrently with total concentration of RGM. Implied 1.2. A method to measure RGM flux for the Arctic must be developed. Specified 2. What is a plausible reaction mechanism for the oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury to reactive gaseous mercury? Implied 2.1. Since the measurement technique applied for RGM concentration measurement, KCl coated annular denuders, does not allow for the subsequent chemical determination of RGM, HgXY, post field study analysis must be applied using relative rate theory studies and known reaction kinetics and thermodynamics. Specified 3. What are the pre and post-industrial values of Hg in the Arctic? Implied 3.1. A suitable environmental archive must be chosen; in this case peat. Implied 3.1.2 Arctic peat must be found and shown to provide a faithful record of atmospheric mercury deposition.
Fate of Mercury in the Arctic 13 Implied 3.1.3 A method must be developed to reliably and reproducibly analyse very non- homogeneous sediment such as peat for Hg content. Implied 3.3. Arctic peat must be compared with traditionally studied raised bog, peat profiles. Implied 3.3.1 Arctic peat must be dated with high enough time resolution for comparison with raised bog profiles. The traditional method of dating highly mineral peat cores such as Arctic peat, i.e. 210 Pb chronologic modelling is sufficiently accurate for Arctic peat studies alone, but not accurate enough for dating raised bog profiles. A direct dating method must therefore be developed to allow comparison in the geochemically important upper layers of the peat profiles at each site. Implied 3.3.2 Techniques must be developed for safe, effective and efficient sampling of peat in the Arctic. 1.2 Summary of results Bearing in mind the specified questions and implied tasks as noted, the main findings of my Ph.D. work are as follows. Papers referred to are included in Appendix C. Gaseous mercury is oxidized in the Arctic troposphere at polar sunrise. The resulting divalent mercury product species, HgXY, suggested as HgBr2 and/or HgBrOH, is deposited to the snow pack. The evasion of HgXY is also observed. The micrometeorological technique conditional sampling or “relaxed eddy accumulation”, REA, was developed for measurement of the flux of the operationally defined inorganic divalent gaseous mercury compounds HgXY, reactive gaseous mercury, in the Arctic (paper 1, Goodsite et al., submitted). The first measurements and quantification of HgXY surface flux and depositional velocity to the snow pack during polar sunrise was made, and an initial reaction mechanism suggested (paper 2, Lindberg et al., 2002).
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Submitted to Atmospheric Environmen
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1. Introduction Mercury in the atmo
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For all flux measurements, heating
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esponse switching valves supplied b
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3.1 RGM flux measurements The resul
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estimating for Alert an average spr
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References 1. Businger J.A. and Onc
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Table captions Table 1. RGM mass ra
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Figure 2. RGM pg m-3 350 300 250 20
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Table 2 DAYHOURMON avg.temp avg.WS
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Fate of Mercury in the Arctic Paper
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FIGURE 1. Schematic diagram of the
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mass flow controller to 10 L/min an
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FIGURE 3. Trends in Hg 0 (upper plo
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FIGURE 6. Trends in several Hg spec
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FIGURE 7. Spatial patterns in month
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(51) Ebinghaus, R.; Kock, H. H.; Te
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The fate of elemental mercury in Ar
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Ozone was measured with an UV absor
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demonstrating that BrO and ClO with
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In the model the removal of GEM lea
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15. Kemp, K. and Wåhlin, P. Applic
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GEM, ng/m 3 Fig 3. GEM against ozon
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Fig. 6 Comparison of measured surfa
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Introduction The perennial oxidatio
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Ariya et al. (11) have shown recent
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Table 1 lists the binding energies
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and a classical densities of states
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The third point demonstrated in Fig
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7. Lamborg, C. H.; Fitzgerald, W.;
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Figure 1. k rec / cm 3 molecule -1
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Asian Chemistry Letters vol. XX, No
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496 M E Goodsite et al. In the pres
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498 M E Goodsite et al. Figure 1 Th
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500 M E Goodsite et al. observed a
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502 M E Goodsite et al. Table 1 14C
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504 M E Goodsite et al. annual reso
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506 M E Goodsite et al. Table 2b Sa
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512 M E Goodsite et al. Figure 4 Hg
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514 M E Goodsite et al. Koenig B, L
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130 F. Roos-Barraclough et al. / Th
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ABSTRACT Mercury concentrations are
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INTRODUCTION Atmospheric pollution
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and the relative importance of natu
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corresponding to the alkaline igneo
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edges cut off the slices were dried
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Age dating using 14 C Plant macrofo
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espectively (Naucke et al., 1993).
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200 was in the range 1 to 3 :g/m 2
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unpublished data for these paramete
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leachable fraction, and 32.1 µg/g
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indicator of the concentration of a
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caused by the introduction of gasol
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porewaters reveals the influence of
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For example, Hg may become adsorbed
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of the GL profile. Comparison with
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further improve our knowledge of pr
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which are derived from them. In con
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to
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Bindler, R. (2003) Estimating the n
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of Southern Denmark. Goodsite, M.E.
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MacKenzie AB, Farmer JG, Sugden CL.
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Schroeder, W.H. and Munthe, J. (199
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Table 1. AMS 14 C dating of plant m
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Table 3. Pb isotope data of leachat
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esidual fractions of the “B” co
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Depth (cm) Depth (cm) a b 0 -10 -20
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Hg accumulation rate (µg/m2/yr) 10
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Depth (cm) a Pb/Zr = UCC Depth (cm)
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Depth (cm) a Depth (cm) b 0 -10 -20
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Depth (cm) Depth (cm) a b 0 -10 -20
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Saturday, 28 December 2002 (Revised
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INTRODUCTION Recent research utiliz
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In addition, the coring system incl
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and testing prior to the Carey Isla
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Development of thi
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Fig. 5. The stainless steel (AISI 3
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Fig. 2. 13
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Fig. 4. 15
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Fig. 6. 17
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FATE OF MERCURY IN THE ARCTIC Michael Evan ... - COGCI

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