FATE OF MERCURY IN THE ARCTIC Michael Evan ... - COGCI

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138 F. Roos-Barraclough et al. / The Science of the Total Environment 292 (2002) 129–139 species or between mosses growing within different microclimates on the surface of a bog could be inconsistent (Norton et al., 1997).Mercury concentrations within one small horizontal section of peat may be uneven.Several subsamples should be taken from each peat slice in order to obtain a representative Hg concentration for the whole slice.Because large fluctuations in bulk density values can occur throughout a peat core, bulk density should be determined in each slice to allow Hg flux rates to be calculated accurately. Finally, mixing together the moss component of the subsamples increases the homogeneity of the material to be analysed.Here, grinding in a coffee mill resulted in a slight loss of Hg.However, simple hand mixing of the dried samples held in a plastic bag resulted in low standard deviation of duplicate pairs. 5. Conclusions The following protocol is proposed for the determination of mercury concentrations in solid peat samples: Cores should be transported frozen from the field to the laboratory, if possible, to avoid unnecessary compaction and losses of water or Hg.The peat should be kept in clean (wrapped airtight in plastic), cool conditions until analysis.The edge of the core should be removed prior to analysis in case of contamination (by smearing) during core collection.Several subsamples should be analysed from each peat slice in order to obtain a representative value.These subsamples can be air-dried at room temperature in a clean environment, such as a Class 100 laminar flow cabinet, without significant loss of mercury.During this period, the cabinet should be darkened to avoid light-enhanced evasion of mercury from the samples (Gustin and Maxey, 1998).Dried subsamples can be homogenised by crushing air-dried plugs of peat together into a powder and mixing; this can be done by hand, with the samples in a sealed plastic bag. One or more subsamples from each slice should be used for bulk density determination, which is required to allow mercury deposition fluxes to be calculated.Bulk density can be determined from the dry weight of a peat subsample of known volume.Air drying this subsample with the subsamples to be used for mercury analysis (of the same shape and volume) before drying it in a drying oven to constant weight allows the water content of the air-dry samples to be accurately estimated; this information can be used to correct the masses of the samples analysed for Hg to their true dry weights. Suggested times for a Leco AMA 254 air-dry peat analysis program are: 30 s (drying), 125 s (decomposition) and 45 s (waiting for emission of waste gases before Hg content determination by AAS). Acknowledgments Financial support for this work, including graduate student assistantships to F.R. and N.G., was provided by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grants 21-55669.98 and 21-061688.00) to W.S. Peat core collection in the High Arctic of Canada was made possible by a research grant to W.S., Heinfried Scholer ¨ (University of Heidelberg) and Stephen Norton (University of Maine) by the International Arctic Research Centre, Fairbanks, Alaska.Many thanks to Drs W.O.Van der Knaap, E.Feldmeyer, A.Gruenig and A.Holzer for plant identification and B.Eilrich for considerable field assistance. References Aaby B, Digerfeldt G.Handbook of Holocene Paleoecology and Paleohydrology.Sampling techniques for lakes and bogs New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1986.p.181 –194. Benoit JM, Fitzgerald WF, Damman AWH.The biogeochemistry of an ombrotrophic peat bog: evaluation of use as an archive of atmospheric mercury deposition.Environ Res Sect A 1998;78:118 –133. Burgess, N., Beauchamp,S., Brun, G., Clair, T., Roberts, C., Rutherford, L., Tordon, R.,Vaidya,O. Mercury in Atlantic Canada A Progress Report, Environment Canada, Atlantic Region.Environment Canada Report, 1998. Environmental Protection Agency.EPA method 7473:Mercury in solids and solutions by thermal decomposition, amalgamation, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry.1998. Gustin MS, Maxey R.Mechanisms influencing the volatile loss of mercury from soil.Proceedings of Air and Waste Management Association: Measurement of toxic and related air pollutants.Carty, NC Sept.1–3, 1998.
F. Roos-Barraclough et al. / The Science of the Total Environment 292 (2002) 129–139 Jensen A, Jensen A.Historical deposition rates of mercury in Scandinavia estimated by dating and measurement of mercury in cores of peat bogs.Water Air Soil Pollut 1991;56:769 –777. Lodenius M, Ari S, Antti U-R.Sorption and mobilisation of mercury in peat soil.Chemosphere 1983;12(11y12):1575 – 1581. Madsen PP.Peat bog records of atmospheric mercury deposition.Nature 1981;293:127 –130. Martinez-Cortizas A, Pontvedra-Pombal X, Garcia-Rodeja E, Novoa-Munoz JC, Shotyk W.Mercury in a Spanish peat bog: archive of climate change and atmospheric metal deposition.Science 1999;284:939 –942. Norton SA, <strong>Evan</strong>s GC, Kahl JS.Comparison of Hg and Pb fluxes to hummocks and hollows of ombrotrophic Big Heath Bog and to nearby Sargent Mt.Pond, Maine, USA.Water Air Soil Pollut 1997;100:271 –286. Salvato N, Pirola C.Analysis of mercury traces by means of solid samples atomic absorption spectrometry.Microchim Acta 1996;123(1–4):63 –71. Shotyk W, Weiss D, Appleby PG, Cheburkin AK, Frei R, Gloor M, Kramers JD, Reese S, van der Knaap WO.History 139 of Atmospheric Lead Deposition Since 12,370 14C yr BP from a Peat Bog, Jura Mountains, Switzerland.Science 1998;281:1635 –1640. Shotyk W, Goodsite ME, Roos F, Heinemeier J, Rom W, Appleby PG, Frei R, Van der Knaap WO, Cheburkin AK, Reese S,Biester H, Lohse C, Hansen TS.Atmospheric Hg, Pb and As in peat cores from Greenland and Denmark dated 210 using the 14C AMS bomb pulse technique and Pb: concentrations, natural and anthropogenic enrichments, and fluxes.Submitted to Environ Planetary Sci Lett, 2001. Wardenaar ECP.A new hand tool for cutting peat.Can J Bot 1987;65:1772 –1773. Weiss D, Shotyk W, Schaefer H, Loyall U, Grollimund E, Gloor M.Microwave digestion of ancient peat and determination of lead by voltammetry.Fresenius J Anal Chem 1999a;363:300 –305. Weiss D, Shotyk W, Appleby PG, Cheburkin AK, Kramers JD.Atmospheric Pb deposition since the Industrial Revolution recorded by five Swiss peat profiles: enrichment factors, fluxes, isotopic composition, and sources.Environ Sci Technol 1999b;33:1340 –1352.
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Submitted to Atmospheric Environmen
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1. Introduction Mercury in the atmo
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For all flux measurements, heating
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esponse switching valves supplied b
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3.1 RGM flux measurements The resul
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estimating for Alert an average spr
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References 1. Businger J.A. and Onc
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Table captions Table 1. RGM mass ra
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Figure 2. RGM pg m-3 350 300 250 20
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Table 2 DAYHOURMON avg.temp avg.WS
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FIGURE 1. Schematic diagram of the
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mass flow controller to 10 L/min an
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FIGURE 3. Trends in Hg 0 (upper plo
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FIGURE 6. Trends in several Hg spec
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FIGURE 7. Spatial patterns in month
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(51) Ebinghaus, R.; Kock, H. H.; Te
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The fate of elemental mercury in Ar
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Ozone was measured with an UV absor
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demonstrating that BrO and ClO with
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In the model the removal of GEM lea
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15. Kemp, K. and Wåhlin, P. Applic
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GEM, ng/m 3 Fig 3. GEM against ozon
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Fig. 6 Comparison of measured surfa
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Fate of Mercury in the Arctic Paper
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Introduction The perennial oxidatio
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Ariya et al. (11) have shown recent
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Table 1 lists the binding energies
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Page 258 and 259: ABSTRACT Mercury concentrations are
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Page 286 and 287: of the GL profile. Comparison with
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Table 3. Pb isotope data of leachat
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esidual fractions of the “B” co
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Depth (cm) Depth (cm) a b 0 -10 -20
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Hg accumulation rate (µg/m2/yr) 10
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Depth (cm) a Pb/Zr = UCC Depth (cm)
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Depth (cm) a Depth (cm) b 0 -10 -20
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Depth (cm) Depth (cm) a b 0 -10 -20
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Saturday, 28 December 2002 (Revised
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INTRODUCTION Recent research utiliz
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In addition, the coring system incl
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and testing prior to the Carey Isla
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Development of thi
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Fig. 5. The stainless steel (AISI 3
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Fig. 2. 13
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Fig. 4. 15
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Fig. 6. 17
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