FATE OF MERCURY IN THE ARCTIC Michael Evan ... - COGCI

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FIGURE 2. Trends in Hg 0 at Barrow during 1999, showing a strong correlation between Hg 0 and O3 depletions, and development of a zone of elevated BrO near Barrow during this period (mean vertical column BrO is expressed as molecule cm -2 , derived from GOME satellite data). VOL. 36, NO. 6, 2002 / ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 9 1249
FIGURE 3. Trends in Hg 0 (upper plot) and reactive gaseous mercury (lower) at Barrow during 2000, showing parallel behavior in total Hg in the surface snowpack (lower) and mean daily UV-B (lower). Fate of RGM and Dynamics of Hg in Snow. RGM is formed continuously as long as O3 and reactive Br are present during polar spring, and the observed air concentrations reflect the dynamic balance between formation and deposition. Integrating the data in Figure 4 suggests that ∼30-40% of the depleted Hg 0 appears as airborne RGM and that the remainder is deposited to the snow surface directly as RGM and/or is scavenged by fine aerosols. Our inverse boundarylayer model of the local sink strength (41) predicted Hg deposition fluxes of ∼40 µgm -2 at Barrow during February- May 1999 and ∼55 µgm -2 during January-May 2000. These estimated 5-month fluxes are much higher than annual wet deposition rates measured in the northeastern United States (∼5-15 µg m -2 yr -1 ; 9) and can be supported only by direct deposition of RGM since submicron aerosols are subject to far less local deposition than is RGM (8). Our year 2000 snow chemistry data confirm these modeled rates of Hg accumulation (Figure 3). The measured Hg concentrations in the snowpack and calculated snowpack depth (86 cm) prior to melt in 2000 (assuming a 70% water 1250 9 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY / VOL. 36, NO. 6, 2002 equivalency) yield an estimated average flux of ∼50-60 µg m -2 . This flux is reflected in total Hg in snow, which increased steadily from 90 ng/L over this period (Figure 3). Such dramatic increases have not been seen in snow from lower latitudes (43), but 1998 data from a ship frozen in the Beaufort Sea 550 km north of Barrow showed similar temporal trends in surface snow (although at lower concentrations; 44), suggesting that this phenomenon should be investigated at higher latitudes. These concentrations of Hg in the May snowpack are not only unprecedented for non-Arctic remote sites but also exceed typical levels near industrialized regions (9, 43). The fraction of the total Hg pool in snow that was biologically available to bacteria (bioavailable mercury) was determined using the mer-lux bioreporter V. anguillarum pRB28 and its constitutive control V. anguillarum pRB27. The mer-lux bioreporters are genetically engineered bacteria that produce light when divalent inorganic mercury (Hg(II)) enters their cells (27), thereby distinguishing biologically labile from biologically inert Hg(II) species that do not enter the
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Page 147 and 148: Submitted to Atmospheric Environmen
Page 149 and 150: 1. Introduction Mercury in the atmo
Page 151 and 152: For all flux measurements, heating
Page 153 and 154: esponse switching valves supplied b
Page 155 and 156: 3.1 RGM flux measurements The resul
Page 157 and 158: estimating for Alert an average spr
Page 159 and 160: References 1. Businger J.A. and Onc
Page 161 and 162: Table captions Table 1. RGM mass ra
Page 163 and 164: Figure 2. RGM pg m-3 350 300 250 20
Page 165 and 166: Table 2 DAYHOURMON avg.temp avg.WS
Page 167 and 168: Fate of Mercury in the Arctic Paper
Page 169 and 170: FIGURE 1. Schematic diagram of the
Page 171: mass flow controller to 10 L/min an
Page 175 and 176: FIGURE 6. Trends in several Hg spec
Page 177 and 178: FIGURE 7. Spatial patterns in month
Page 179 and 180: (51) Ebinghaus, R.; Kock, H. H.; Te
Page 181 and 182: The fate of elemental mercury in Ar
Page 183 and 184: Ozone was measured with an UV absor
Page 185 and 186: demonstrating that BrO and ClO with
Page 187 and 188: In the model the removal of GEM lea
Page 189 and 190: 15. Kemp, K. and Wåhlin, P. Applic
Page 191 and 192: GEM, ng/m 3 Fig 3. GEM against ozon
Page 194 and 195: Fig. 6 Comparison of measured surfa
Page 198 and 199: Introduction The perennial oxidatio
Page 200 and 201: Ariya et al. (11) have shown recent
Page 202 and 203: Table 1 lists the binding energies
Page 204 and 205: and a classical densities of states
Page 206 and 207: The third point demonstrated in Fig
Page 208 and 209: 7. Lamborg, C. H.; Fitzgerald, W.;
Page 210 and 211: Figure 1. k rec / cm 3 molecule -1
Page 214 and 215: Asian Chemistry Letters vol. XX, No
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Fate of Mercury in the Arctic Paper
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496 M E Goodsite et al. In the pres
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498 M E Goodsite et al. Figure 1 Th
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500 M E Goodsite et al. observed a
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502 M E Goodsite et al. Table 1 14C
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504 M E Goodsite et al. annual reso
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506 M E Goodsite et al. Table 2b Sa
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512 M E Goodsite et al. Figure 4 Hg
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514 M E Goodsite et al. Koenig B, L
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130 F. Roos-Barraclough et al. / Th
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ABSTRACT Mercury concentrations are
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INTRODUCTION Atmospheric pollution
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and the relative importance of natu
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corresponding to the alkaline igneo
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edges cut off the slices were dried
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Age dating using 14 C Plant macrofo
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espectively (Naucke et al., 1993).
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200 was in the range 1 to 3 :g/m 2
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unpublished data for these paramete
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leachable fraction, and 32.1 µg/g
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indicator of the concentration of a
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caused by the introduction of gasol
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porewaters reveals the influence of
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For example, Hg may become adsorbed
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of the GL profile. Comparison with
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further improve our knowledge of pr
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which are derived from them. In con
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to
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Bindler, R. (2003) Estimating the n
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of Southern Denmark. Goodsite, M.E.
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MacKenzie AB, Farmer JG, Sugden CL.
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Schroeder, W.H. and Munthe, J. (199
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Table 1. AMS 14 C dating of plant m
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Table 3. Pb isotope data of leachat
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esidual fractions of the “B” co
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Depth (cm) Depth (cm) a b 0 -10 -20
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Hg accumulation rate (µg/m2/yr) 10
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Depth (cm) a Pb/Zr = UCC Depth (cm)
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Depth (cm) a Depth (cm) b 0 -10 -20
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Depth (cm) Depth (cm) a b 0 -10 -20
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Saturday, 28 December 2002 (Revised
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INTRODUCTION Recent research utiliz
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In addition, the coring system incl
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and testing prior to the Carey Isla
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Development of thi
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Fig. 5. The stainless steel (AISI 3
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Fig. 2. 13
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Fig. 4. 15
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Fig. 6. 17
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FATE OF MERCURY IN THE ARCTIC Michael Evan ... - COGCI

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