FATE OF MERCURY IN THE ARCTIC Michael Evan ... - COGCI

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espectively (Naucke et al., 1993). There is an exceptional zone of elevated ash content in the DK core at ca. 18cm (Fig. 2b), which may reflect the disturbance of the bog surface by peat cutting during WWII. Bulk density values are generally higher in the GL core (Fig. 2a) compared to DK core (Fig. 2b). The Hg concentration profiles reveal elevated Hg concentrations in both the upper and lower sections of the GL core (Fig. 2b), but only in the upper section of the DK core (Fig. 2b). To take into account the large differences in bulk density within and between the two cores, the Hg concentrations are also expressed on a volumetric basis (Fig. 2). The variation in volumetric Hg concentrations above 30 cm show a remarkable similarity between the two cores, with a very intense peak in volumetric Hg concentration in the GL core at 21 cm (Fig. 2a) and in the DK core at 17 cm (Fig. 2b), respectively. The selected age dates shown in Fig. 2 indicate that the zone of greatest Hg concentration in each core dates from the 1950`s. The very old radiocarbon ages in the DK peat samples below 29 cm (which was dated at 2395 ± 45 14 C yr BP) is evidence that some part of the original peat surface has been lost due to peat cutting. These old sections of the DK profile will not be considered further. Mercury concentrations in ombrotrophic (DK) versus minerotrophic (GL) peat profiles The chronology of changes in volumetric Hg concentrations is remarkably similar at the two sites (Fig. 2). The DK core is ombrotrophic, therefore Hg was supplied to this profile exclusively by atmospheric deposition. The greatest Hg concentrations are found in samples dating from the 1950`s. As there are no known natural geochemical processes which could have led to this pronounced Hg enrichment, we assume that the elevated Hg concentrations in the surface layers, compared to deeper, older peats, reflect increased rates of atmospheric Hg deposition caused by industrial activities. Similarly, in the GL core the greatest Hg concentrations are found in samples dating from the 1950`s. In contrast to the DK core, the GL 14
profile is minerotrophic, and the possible importance of Hg provided by mineral-water reactions has to be carefully considered. However, we know of no natural geochemical processes which could have enriched the surface of this core with Hg without also enriching the middle section of the core, between ca. 30 and 55 cm, which contain the lowest Hg concentrations. We further assume, therefore, that the elevated Hg concentrations in the surface layers of the GL core also can be attributed to atmospheric Hg inputs. Other possible causes of the changes in Hg concentrations in the GL core will be discussed later in the paper. Atmospheric Hg accumulation rates in southern Greenland The age dates given in Table 1 can be used to calculate an age-depth model to estimate peat accumulation rates (Fig. 3). This process identifies three regions, indicated by the three regression lines (Fig. 3). These regression lines serve as an age model from which the age of any depth can be deduced. In the ca. 3000 year period before AD 1950, the average peat accumulation rate was 0.019 cm/yr (Fig. 3a); from AD 1950 to ca. 1976, the accumulation rate was 0.68 cm/yr, and since ca. 1976 the rate has been 0.20 cm/yr (Fig. 3b). The age depth model allows the atmospheric Hg accumulation rate to be estimated as the product of the volumetric Hg concentrations (ng/cm3) and the peat accumulation rate (cm/yr). Strictly speaking, the atmospheric Hg accumulation rate calculated in this way is equal to the depositional flux minus re-emission of Hg from the peatland surface. Experimental studies using peat (Lodenius, 1983) have shown that Hg re-emissions are small (ie. < 0.01% of total Hg added as 203 Hg ) so that the atmospheric Hg accumulation rates shown here (in units of :g/m 2 /yr versus age in Figure 4) are comparable to the depositional fluxes. These results show that the net, pre-industrial Hg accumulation rate ranged from 0.3 to 3 :g/m 2 /yr (Fig. 4a) which is comparable to the range (0.3 to 8 :g/m 2 /yr) obtained from ca. 12,500 BC to 1300 AD using a Swiss peat bog profile (Roos- Barraclough et al., 2002). The graph shows further that the net Hg accumulation rate prior to AD 15
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Fate of Mercury in the Arctic FATE
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Fate of Mercury in the Arctic 3 Dan
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Fate of Mercury in the Arctic 5 atm
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Fate of Mercury in the Arctic 9 Tab
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Submitted to Atmospheric Environmen
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1. Introduction Mercury in the atmo
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For all flux measurements, heating
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esponse switching valves supplied b
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3.1 RGM flux measurements The resul
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estimating for Alert an average spr
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References 1. Businger J.A. and Onc
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Table captions Table 1. RGM mass ra
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Figure 2. RGM pg m-3 350 300 250 20
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Table 2 DAYHOURMON avg.temp avg.WS
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Fate of Mercury in the Arctic Paper
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FIGURE 1. Schematic diagram of the
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mass flow controller to 10 L/min an
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FIGURE 3. Trends in Hg 0 (upper plo
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FIGURE 6. Trends in several Hg spec
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FIGURE 7. Spatial patterns in month
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(51) Ebinghaus, R.; Kock, H. H.; Te
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The fate of elemental mercury in Ar
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Ozone was measured with an UV absor
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demonstrating that BrO and ClO with
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In the model the removal of GEM lea
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15. Kemp, K. and Wåhlin, P. Applic
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GEM, ng/m 3 Fig 3. GEM against ozon
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Fig. 6 Comparison of measured surfa
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Introduction The perennial oxidatio
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Ariya et al. (11) have shown recent
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Table 1 lists the binding energies
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and a classical densities of states
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The third point demonstrated in Fig
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7. Lamborg, C. H.; Fitzgerald, W.;
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Figure 1. k rec / cm 3 molecule -1
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Asian Chemistry Letters vol. XX, No
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Page 220 and 221: Asian Chemistry Letters vol. XX, No
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Page 224 and 225: 496 M E Goodsite et al. In the pres
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Page 230 and 231: 502 M E Goodsite et al. Table 1 14C
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Page 240 and 241: 512 M E Goodsite et al. Figure 4 Hg
Page 242 and 243: 514 M E Goodsite et al. Koenig B, L
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Page 258 and 259: ABSTRACT Mercury concentrations are
Page 260 and 261: INTRODUCTION Atmospheric pollution
Page 262 and 263: and the relative importance of natu
Page 264 and 265: corresponding to the alkaline igneo
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Page 268 and 269: Age dating using 14 C Plant macrofo
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Page 274 and 275: unpublished data for these paramete
Page 276 and 277: leachable fraction, and 32.1 µg/g
Page 278 and 279: indicator of the concentration of a
Page 280 and 281: caused by the introduction of gasol
Page 282 and 283: porewaters reveals the influence of
Page 284 and 285: For example, Hg may become adsorbed
Page 286 and 287: of the GL profile. Comparison with
Page 288 and 289: further improve our knowledge of pr
Page 290 and 291: which are derived from them. In con
Page 292 and 293: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to
Page 294 and 295: Bindler, R. (2003) Estimating the n
Page 296 and 297: of Southern Denmark. Goodsite, M.E.
Page 298 and 299: MacKenzie AB, Farmer JG, Sugden CL.
Page 300 and 301: Schroeder, W.H. and Munthe, J. (199
Page 302 and 303: Table 1. AMS 14 C dating of plant m
Page 304 and 305: Table 3. Pb isotope data of leachat
Page 306 and 307: esidual fractions of the “B” co
Page 309 and 310: Depth (cm) Depth (cm) a b 0 -10 -20
Page 311 and 312: Hg accumulation rate (µg/m2/yr) 10
Page 313 and 314: Depth (cm) a Pb/Zr = UCC Depth (cm)
Page 315 and 316: Depth (cm) a Depth (cm) b 0 -10 -20
Page 317 and 318: Depth (cm) Depth (cm) a b 0 -10 -20
Page 319 and 320: Saturday, 28 December 2002 (Revised
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INTRODUCTION Recent research utiliz
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In addition, the coring system incl
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and testing prior to the Carey Isla
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Development of thi
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Fig. 5. The stainless steel (AISI 3
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Fig. 2. 13
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Fig. 4. 15
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Fig. 6. 17
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FATE OF MERCURY IN THE ARCTIC Michael Evan ... - COGCI

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