FATE OF MERCURY IN THE ARCTIC Michael Evan ... - COGCI

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Fate of Mercury in the Arctic Paper 5: Skov, H., Nielsdóttir, M.C., Goodsite, M.E., Christensen, J., Skjøth, C.A., Geernaert, G., Hertel, O. Olsen, J., Measurements and Modelling of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) on the Faroe Islands; a case study of the difficulties of measuring GEM. Accepted Asian Chemistry Letters (2003).
Asian Chemistry Letters vol. XX, No 1 (2003) XX-XX Measurements and Modelling of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) on the Faroe Islands; a case study of the difficulties of measuring GEM H.Skov 1,# , M.C.Nielsdóttir 2 , M.E.Goodsite 3 , J.Christensen 1 , C.A.Skjøth 1 , G.Geernaert 4 , O. Hertel 1 , J.Olsen 5 . 1 National Environmental Research Institute. Frederiksborgvej 399, DK 4000 Roskilde, Denmark # Corresponding author, e-mail Address: Henrik.Skov@DMU.DK 2 Present address: University of East Anglia, Norwich England 3 Present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK 5230 Odense M, Denmark 4 Present address: Inst. of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS C-305 Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA 5 Food and Environmental Agency, Faroe Islands ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Gaseous Elemental Mercury (GEM) in the atmosphere was measured on the Faroe Islands from May 2000 to March 2001. The measured data were analysed together with basic meteorology, trajectories, and modelled GEM concentrations using the Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model (DEHM). The measured air concentration time series shows periods with elevated (>1.5 ng/m 3 of Hg, the generally accepted global background average) mercury concentrations. We determined that there are two potential natural causes for the higher than expected levels: local sources and/or long-range transport. After a detailed analysis, it was determined that neither local nor long range sources were sufficiently responsible for the observed levels and the pattern could not be adequately reproduced by the DEHM. Measurement artefacts are the most plausible explanation of much of the measurement pattern. The nature of the artefact is discussed and recommendation for future measurements of GEM is given. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ This paper is dedicated to Professor Thorvald Pedersen who has just retired from his position at the Institute of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen. Through the years we have benefited from his genuine interest and knowledge in spectroscopy and atmospheric chemistry. 1.Introduction Mercury on the Faroe Islands is of both scientific and public concern due to the high concentrations in e.g. pilot whales and other higher predators of fish, where up to 3 ppm (µg/g) Hg has been measured 1 . Furthermore, it has been shown that the present levels of mercury in sea animals also have a negative effect on the health of the local populations, since these animals are an important food supply 2 . High concentrations of mercury (up to 700 ng/g) have also been observed in peat cores taken on the Faroe Islands 3 . The profiles suggest that local geological input does not significantly contribute to the mercury inventory, so the Hg must be primarily supplied by atmospheric deposition, and that the level of Hg on the Faroe Islands has through time, been higher than levels reported for other European sites. However the concentrations cannot be directly linked to atmospheric concentrations or deposition, as the levels are not only a function of deposition, but also bioaccumulation, the runoff area size and the geochemistry of the profile and it will therefore be important to quantify the rate of atmospheric accumulation 3 . It has also been discovered that trout from fish farming activities on the Faroe Islands also contain unacceptably high levels of mercury 4 . In spite of strong indications of high mercury exposure to marine food chains and the possible high exposure in terrestrial ecosystems (as implied by the peat core data), there has not been any study reported to date, which explains the sources responsible for the high mercury levels and/or how to mitigate the problem. 1
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Submitted to Atmospheric Environmen
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1. Introduction Mercury in the atmo
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For all flux measurements, heating
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esponse switching valves supplied b
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3.1 RGM flux measurements The resul
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estimating for Alert an average spr
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References 1. Businger J.A. and Onc
Page 161 and 162: Table captions Table 1. RGM mass ra
Page 163 and 164: Figure 2. RGM pg m-3 350 300 250 20
Page 165 and 166: Table 2 DAYHOURMON avg.temp avg.WS
Page 167 and 168: Fate of Mercury in the Arctic Paper
Page 169 and 170: FIGURE 1. Schematic diagram of the
Page 171 and 172: mass flow controller to 10 L/min an
Page 173 and 174: FIGURE 3. Trends in Hg 0 (upper plo
Page 175 and 176: FIGURE 6. Trends in several Hg spec
Page 177 and 178: FIGURE 7. Spatial patterns in month
Page 179 and 180: (51) Ebinghaus, R.; Kock, H. H.; Te
Page 181 and 182: The fate of elemental mercury in Ar
Page 183 and 184: Ozone was measured with an UV absor
Page 185 and 186: demonstrating that BrO and ClO with
Page 187 and 188: In the model the removal of GEM lea
Page 189 and 190: 15. Kemp, K. and Wåhlin, P. Applic
Page 191 and 192: GEM, ng/m 3 Fig 3. GEM against ozon
Page 194 and 195: Fig. 6 Comparison of measured surfa
Page 198 and 199: Introduction The perennial oxidatio
Page 200 and 201: Ariya et al. (11) have shown recent
Page 202 and 203: Table 1 lists the binding energies
Page 204 and 205: and a classical densities of states
Page 206 and 207: The third point demonstrated in Fig
Page 208 and 209: 7. Lamborg, C. H.; Fitzgerald, W.;
Page 210 and 211: Figure 1. k rec / cm 3 molecule -1
Page 214 and 215: Asian Chemistry Letters vol. XX, No
Page 224 and 225: 496 M E Goodsite et al. In the pres
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Page 258 and 259: ABSTRACT Mercury concentrations are
Page 260 and 261: INTRODUCTION Atmospheric pollution
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and the relative importance of natu
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corresponding to the alkaline igneo
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edges cut off the slices were dried
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Age dating using 14 C Plant macrofo
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espectively (Naucke et al., 1993).
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200 was in the range 1 to 3 :g/m 2
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unpublished data for these paramete
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leachable fraction, and 32.1 µg/g
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indicator of the concentration of a
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caused by the introduction of gasol
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porewaters reveals the influence of
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For example, Hg may become adsorbed
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of the GL profile. Comparison with
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further improve our knowledge of pr
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which are derived from them. In con
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to
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Bindler, R. (2003) Estimating the n
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of Southern Denmark. Goodsite, M.E.
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MacKenzie AB, Farmer JG, Sugden CL.
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Schroeder, W.H. and Munthe, J. (199
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Table 1. AMS 14 C dating of plant m
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Table 3. Pb isotope data of leachat
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esidual fractions of the “B” co
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Depth (cm) Depth (cm) a b 0 -10 -20
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Hg accumulation rate (µg/m2/yr) 10
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Depth (cm) a Pb/Zr = UCC Depth (cm)
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Depth (cm) a Depth (cm) b 0 -10 -20
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Depth (cm) Depth (cm) a b 0 -10 -20
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Saturday, 28 December 2002 (Revised
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INTRODUCTION Recent research utiliz
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In addition, the coring system incl
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and testing prior to the Carey Isla
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Development of thi
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Fig. 5. The stainless steel (AISI 3
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Fig. 2. 13
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Fig. 4. 15
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Fig. 6. 17
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FATE OF MERCURY IN THE ARCTIC Michael Evan ... - COGCI

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