FATE OF MERCURY IN THE ARCTIC Michael Evan ... - COGCI

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Fate of Mercury in the Arctic Paper 6: Goodsite, Michael E.; Rom, Werner; Heinemeier, Jan; Lange, Todd; Ooi, Suat; Appleby, Peter G.; Shotyk, William; van der Knaap, W. O.; Lohse, Christian; Hansen, Torben S. Highresolution AMS 14C dating of post-bomb peat archives of atmospheric pollutants. Radiocarbon (2001), 43(2B), 495-515.
HIGH-RESOLUTION AMS 14 C DATING OF POST-BOMB PEAT ARCHIVES OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS Michael E Goodsite 1,2 � Werner Rom 3 � Jan Heinemeier 3 � Todd Lange 4 � Suat Ooi 4 � Peter G Appleby 5 � William Shotyk 6 � W O van der Knaap 7 � Christian Lohse 1 � Torben S Hansen 1 ABSTRACT. Peat deposits in Greenland and Denmark were investigated to show that high-resolution dating of these archives of atmospheric deposition can be provided for the last 50 years by radiocarbon dating using the atmospheric bomb pulse. 14 C was determined in macrofossils from sequential one cm slices using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Values were calibrated with a general-purpose curve derived from annually averaged atmospheric 14 CO 2 values in the northernmost northern hemisphere (NNH, 30°–90°N). We present a thorough review of 14 C bomb-pulse data from the NNH including our own measurements made in tree rings and seeds from Arizona as well as other previously published data. We show that our general-purpose calibration curve is valid for the whole NNH producing accurate dates within 1–2 years. In consequence, 14 C AMS can precisely date individual points in recent peat deposits within the range of the bomb-pulse (from the mid-1950s on). Comparing the 14 C AMS results with the customary dating method for recent peat profiles by 210 Pb, we show that the use of 137 Cs to validate and correct 210 Pb dates proves to be more problematic than previously supposed. As a unique example of our technique, we show how this chronometer can be applied to identify temporal changes in Hg concentrations from Danish and Greenland peat cores. INTRODUCTION Recent scientific work has demonstrated the feasibility of using peat sediments as a global atmospheric archive for heavy metal and organic contaminants. Thus, peat has been shown to be a reliable archive of atmospheric Pb (Shotyk et al. 1998), and there is evidence that Hg is also effectively immobile in peat, though the question of how faithful an archive peat is for the volatile element Hg is still under investigation (see Benoit et al. 1998). Peat has also yielded a long-term climatic record (Cortizas et al. 1999) and has provided a high-resolution record of atmospheric CO 2 content (White et al. 1994). A high-resolution time series during the last 50 years is urgently needed for pollutants such as Hg to evaluate the effects of emission controls, and to help calibrate atmospheric transport models. Such time series are especially needed from the Arctic, as the most significant gap at the present time in Arctic contaminant research is the “lack of temporal trend information for most contaminants” (Braune et al. 1999). Although there have been studies where the 14 C from the atmospheric bomb pulse has been used to date the top layers of a peat profile (see Gedyé 1998; Arslanov et al. 1999), typically in peat studies the upper layers are dated with radiometric methods, customarily 210 Pb (see Appleby et al. 1997). 1Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark 2Present affiliation: National Environmental Research Institute of Denmark, Department of Atmospheric Environment, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Email: mgo@dmu.dk. 3AMS 14C Dating Laboratory, Institute for Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark 4NSF-Arizona AMS Facility, Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Physics Building, 1118 East Fourth St, P.O. Box 210081, Tucson, Arizona, 85721-0081, USA 5Environmental Radioactivity Research Centre, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, England 6Geological Institute, University of Berne, Baltzerstrasse 1, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland 7Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Berne, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Berne, Switzerland © 2001 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona RADIOCARBON, Vol 43, Nr 2B, 2001, p 495–515 Proceedings of the 17th International 14 C Conference, edited by I Carmi and E Boaretto 495
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Submitted to Atmospheric Environmen
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1. Introduction Mercury in the atmo
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For all flux measurements, heating
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esponse switching valves supplied b
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3.1 RGM flux measurements The resul
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estimating for Alert an average spr
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References 1. Businger J.A. and Onc
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Table captions Table 1. RGM mass ra
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Figure 2. RGM pg m-3 350 300 250 20
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Table 2 DAYHOURMON avg.temp avg.WS
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Fate of Mercury in the Arctic Paper
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FIGURE 1. Schematic diagram of the
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Page 173 and 174: FIGURE 3. Trends in Hg 0 (upper plo
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Page 179 and 180: (51) Ebinghaus, R.; Kock, H. H.; Te
Page 181 and 182: The fate of elemental mercury in Ar
Page 183 and 184: Ozone was measured with an UV absor
Page 185 and 186: demonstrating that BrO and ClO with
Page 187 and 188: In the model the removal of GEM lea
Page 189 and 190: 15. Kemp, K. and Wåhlin, P. Applic
Page 191 and 192: GEM, ng/m 3 Fig 3. GEM against ozon
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Page 198 and 199: Introduction The perennial oxidatio
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Page 202 and 203: Table 1 lists the binding energies
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Page 258 and 259: ABSTRACT Mercury concentrations are
Page 260 and 261: INTRODUCTION Atmospheric pollution
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200 was in the range 1 to 3 :g/m 2
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unpublished data for these paramete
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leachable fraction, and 32.1 µg/g
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indicator of the concentration of a
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caused by the introduction of gasol
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porewaters reveals the influence of
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For example, Hg may become adsorbed
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of the GL profile. Comparison with
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further improve our knowledge of pr
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which are derived from them. In con
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to
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Bindler, R. (2003) Estimating the n
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of Southern Denmark. Goodsite, M.E.
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MacKenzie AB, Farmer JG, Sugden CL.
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Schroeder, W.H. and Munthe, J. (199
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Table 1. AMS 14 C dating of plant m
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Table 3. Pb isotope data of leachat
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esidual fractions of the “B” co
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Depth (cm) Depth (cm) a b 0 -10 -20
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Hg accumulation rate (µg/m2/yr) 10
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Depth (cm) a Pb/Zr = UCC Depth (cm)
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Depth (cm) a Depth (cm) b 0 -10 -20
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Depth (cm) Depth (cm) a b 0 -10 -20
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Saturday, 28 December 2002 (Revised
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INTRODUCTION Recent research utiliz
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In addition, the coring system incl
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and testing prior to the Carey Isla
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Development of thi
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Fig. 5. The stainless steel (AISI 3
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Fig. 2. 13
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Fig. 4. 15
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Fig. 6. 17
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FATE OF MERCURY IN THE ARCTIC Michael Evan ... - COGCI

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