FATE OF MERCURY IN THE ARCTIC Michael Evan ... - COGCI

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Abstract 2 The conditional sampling or relaxed eddy accumulation, REA, technique represents the first opportunity to directly measure fluxes of the divalent, gaseous mercury compounds HgXY to the snowpack in the Arctic. Using a micrometeorological relaxed eddy accumulation system, with a heated sampling system specifically designed for Arctic use, the dry deposition of reactive gaseous mercury, RGM, is quantified for the first time after polar sunrise, in Barrow, Alaska. Heated KCl coated manual RGM annular denuders were used as the accumulators with an impactor, elutriator inlet allowing only fine (cut-off = 2.5 µm) particles to pass. At 3 m above the snow pack significant RGM fluxes measured during March 29 th – April 12 th 2000 were directed toward the snow surface. Overall mean flux was found to be - 0.4 ± 0.2 pg m -2 s -1 ; N=9, ± 1 SE, where the negative sign convention denotes deposition. Using measured total RGM concentrations; depositional velocities were then computed and averaged 1 cm s -1 . Keywords: Arctic; Conditional sampling; Divalent Gaseous Mercury; Emission; Snow–air exchange.
1. Introduction Mercury in the atmosphere, is approximately 95% in the gaseous elemental form (Slemr et al., 1985, Schroeder and Munthe, 1998). Its characteristics, such as low aqueous solubility, mean that it is relatively non reactive and stable and therefore has a long atmospheric residence time, enabling global transport. In 1998 Schroeder et al., reported on their 1995 discovery of the springtime depletion of tropospheric gaseous mercury in the high Canadian Arctic. This perennial phenomenon is since dubbed atmospheric mercury depletion episodes, AMDEs and has since been shown to be a polar and sub-polar phenomenon (Schroeder et al., 2003 and references therein). The mercury depleted from the atmosphere is oxidized to divalent gaseous mercury and exists during AMDEs in concentrations up to 900 pg m -3 (Lindberg et al., 2002, Skov et al. 2003). The divalent gaseous mercury species are operationally defined as reactive gaseous mercury, RGM, since the analytical methods, in this case, thermally desorbed KCL coated annular denuders (Landis et al., 2002) only allow quantification after reduction to gaseous elemental mercury. Therefore, any speciation information is lost. It is necessary to quantify the flux of RGM in Arctic areas and determine the depositional velocity in order to better understand the temporal, and spatial patterns of mercury deposition and accumulation in the Arctic, and gain an understanding of the chemical and dry depositional processes so that they might be applied to parameterization of atmospheric transport and deposition models and eventually policy decisions. The conditional sampling, or relaxed eddy accumulation technique (Businger and Oncley, 1989) has been used to determine the flux of elemental gaseous mercury (Cobos et al., 2002). Their work thoroughly discusses the advantages of using a micrometeorological technique over other flux measurement methods. In this paper, RGM flux is determined with a relaxed eddy accumulation 3
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Page 147: Submitted to Atmospheric Environmen
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Page 159 and 160: References 1. Businger J.A. and Onc
Page 161 and 162: Table captions Table 1. RGM mass ra
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Page 165 and 166: Table 2 DAYHOURMON avg.temp avg.WS
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Page 169 and 170: FIGURE 1. Schematic diagram of the
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Page 179 and 180: (51) Ebinghaus, R.; Kock, H. H.; Te
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Page 183 and 184: Ozone was measured with an UV absor
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Introduction The perennial oxidatio
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Ariya et al. (11) have shown recent
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Table 1 lists the binding energies
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and a classical densities of states
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The third point demonstrated in Fig
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7. Lamborg, C. H.; Fitzgerald, W.;
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Figure 1. k rec / cm 3 molecule -1
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Fate of Mercury in the Arctic Paper
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Asian Chemistry Letters vol. XX, No
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496 M E Goodsite et al. In the pres
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498 M E Goodsite et al. Figure 1 Th
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500 M E Goodsite et al. observed a
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502 M E Goodsite et al. Table 1 14C
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504 M E Goodsite et al. annual reso
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506 M E Goodsite et al. Table 2b Sa
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508 M E Goodsite et al. Going from
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510 M E Goodsite et al. dry mass. T
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512 M E Goodsite et al. Figure 4 Hg
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514 M E Goodsite et al. Koenig B, L
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130 F. Roos-Barraclough et al. / Th
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ABSTRACT Mercury concentrations are
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INTRODUCTION Atmospheric pollution
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and the relative importance of natu
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corresponding to the alkaline igneo
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edges cut off the slices were dried
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Age dating using 14 C Plant macrofo
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espectively (Naucke et al., 1993).
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200 was in the range 1 to 3 :g/m 2
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unpublished data for these paramete
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leachable fraction, and 32.1 µg/g
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indicator of the concentration of a
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caused by the introduction of gasol
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porewaters reveals the influence of
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For example, Hg may become adsorbed
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of the GL profile. Comparison with
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further improve our knowledge of pr
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which are derived from them. In con
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to
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Bindler, R. (2003) Estimating the n
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of Southern Denmark. Goodsite, M.E.
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MacKenzie AB, Farmer JG, Sugden CL.
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Schroeder, W.H. and Munthe, J. (199
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Table 1. AMS 14 C dating of plant m
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Table 3. Pb isotope data of leachat
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esidual fractions of the “B” co
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Depth (cm) Depth (cm) a b 0 -10 -20
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Hg accumulation rate (µg/m2/yr) 10
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Depth (cm) a Pb/Zr = UCC Depth (cm)
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Depth (cm) a Depth (cm) b 0 -10 -20
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Depth (cm) Depth (cm) a b 0 -10 -20
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Saturday, 28 December 2002 (Revised
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INTRODUCTION Recent research utiliz
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In addition, the coring system incl
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and testing prior to the Carey Isla
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Development of thi
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Fig. 5. The stainless steel (AISI 3
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Fig. 2. 13
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Fig. 4. 15
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Fig. 6. 17
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FATE OF MERCURY IN THE ARCTIC Michael Evan ... - COGCI

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