FATE OF MERCURY IN THE ARCTIC Michael Evan ... - COGCI

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Fate of Mercury in the Arctic 46 concentration in a flux system sampling in three channels: up drafts, down drafts and all else, as compared to levels measured in parallel annular denuders under constant sampling conditions, could be set at 1 Hz. In these experiments flow rates were controlled by a Tylan mass flow controller and checked prior to and after the sampling period. The results of these experiments led to the sampling switching rate being set in the REA system to 1 Hz with the 10 litre per minute flow rate maintained by a mass flow controller. The air sampling-switching rate is so long compared to errors that could be induced from physical switching and software, that these are considered negligible. Zero air was not added to the sampling inlet system since this would mean that ambient air could not be directly sampled into the annular denuder, but that ambient air would have to flow through an additional inlet first. RGM is so reactive that it was thought best to directly sample it into the annular denuders. This is possible given the 1 Hz switching rate. Therefore, by sampling at 1 Hz, approximately 95% of the turbulence is captured and the best compromise between the meteorological measurements and chemical sampling is obtained in order to ensure a laminar flow in the annular denuders and thereby measure RGM flux most accurately Measurements were made as follows: The heating mantles are turned on approximately 1 hour prior to measurement. 4 annular denuders were prepared and blanked immediately prior to use: 3 for the system and one as the field blank. Inlets are baked prior to field deployment unless contaminated by handling. Powder-free rubber gloves are used when handling the inlets. The denuders are then taken outdoors and carefully placed into the heating caps. Care is taken not to disturb the sonic alignment, or crack a denuder due to handling, nor handle the sampling inlet since the annular denuders are relatively fragile under Arctic weather conditions, and the inlets may easily be contaminated. Flow is checked in the sampling lines and temperature measured in the denuders. Once the temperature of the denuders has stabilized, the REA system is started by
Fate of Mercury in the Arctic 47 applying power, since there is an automatic start routine. A floppy disc is inserted into the floppy disk drive for data output. Air is then sampled at least for 4 hours, i.e. four REA system consecutive runs, sampling switching at 1 Hz in all three channels, if a separate RGM ambient air concentration is being measured. If the system is used to obtain the ambient concentration of RGM from constant sampling, then just the up and down channels are switched, and the mid channel remains open. The mass flow is adjusted in the manifold to just over 20 litres per minute. After the 4 hour sampling period, the system is turned off. The floppy disk is removed and data is imported and analysed as described previously. The annular denuders are taken off of the tower and tightly capped. The denuders are then analysed for RGM concentration as previously described. Flux and depositional velocity may then be calculated as described below. The best way to measure flux with a meteorological system, is instantaneously measuring a trace gas in an air parcel going up or down and correlating it with air mass exchange data, called “eddy correlation”. With present analytical techniques, this is not possible for reactive gaseous mercury, so relaxed eddy accumulation was used. Desjardins (1972) proposed a means of overcoming the problem of not being able to instantaneously measure the trace gas exchange simultaneously with the mass exchange of the air by proposing accumulating the air and airflow data over time, and completing the analysis after a finite sampling period, called “eddy accumulation”. Businger and Oncley (1990) further simplified this method by replacing the fast response trace gas analyser with fast response valves accumulators. This allows trace gases to be collected over time, each into their own accumulator: gases on the way up, or gases on the way down; and analysed after an appropriately long sampling time to ensure enough trace gas was accumulated to know if the observed difference in the up and down reservoirs was significant or not, and thus determine the flux.
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Submitted to Atmospheric Environmen
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1. Introduction Mercury in the atmo
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For all flux measurements, heating
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esponse switching valves supplied b
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3.1 RGM flux measurements The resul
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estimating for Alert an average spr
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References 1. Businger J.A. and Onc
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Table captions Table 1. RGM mass ra
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Figure 2. RGM pg m-3 350 300 250 20
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Table 2 DAYHOURMON avg.temp avg.WS
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Fate of Mercury in the Arctic Paper
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FIGURE 1. Schematic diagram of the
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mass flow controller to 10 L/min an
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FIGURE 3. Trends in Hg 0 (upper plo
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FIGURE 6. Trends in several Hg spec
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FIGURE 7. Spatial patterns in month
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(51) Ebinghaus, R.; Kock, H. H.; Te
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The fate of elemental mercury in Ar
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Ozone was measured with an UV absor
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demonstrating that BrO and ClO with
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In the model the removal of GEM lea
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15. Kemp, K. and Wåhlin, P. Applic
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GEM, ng/m 3 Fig 3. GEM against ozon
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Fig. 6 Comparison of measured surfa
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Introduction The perennial oxidatio
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Ariya et al. (11) have shown recent
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Table 1 lists the binding energies
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and a classical densities of states
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The third point demonstrated in Fig
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7. Lamborg, C. H.; Fitzgerald, W.;
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Figure 1. k rec / cm 3 molecule -1
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Asian Chemistry Letters vol. XX, No
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496 M E Goodsite et al. In the pres
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498 M E Goodsite et al. Figure 1 Th
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500 M E Goodsite et al. observed a
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502 M E Goodsite et al. Table 1 14C
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504 M E Goodsite et al. annual reso
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506 M E Goodsite et al. Table 2b Sa
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508 M E Goodsite et al. Going from
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510 M E Goodsite et al. dry mass. T
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512 M E Goodsite et al. Figure 4 Hg
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514 M E Goodsite et al. Koenig B, L
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130 F. Roos-Barraclough et al. / Th
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ABSTRACT Mercury concentrations are
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INTRODUCTION Atmospheric pollution
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and the relative importance of natu
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corresponding to the alkaline igneo
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edges cut off the slices were dried
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Age dating using 14 C Plant macrofo
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espectively (Naucke et al., 1993).
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200 was in the range 1 to 3 :g/m 2
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unpublished data for these paramete
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leachable fraction, and 32.1 µg/g
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indicator of the concentration of a
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caused by the introduction of gasol
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porewaters reveals the influence of
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For example, Hg may become adsorbed
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of the GL profile. Comparison with
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further improve our knowledge of pr
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which are derived from them. In con
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to
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Bindler, R. (2003) Estimating the n
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of Southern Denmark. Goodsite, M.E.
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MacKenzie AB, Farmer JG, Sugden CL.
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Schroeder, W.H. and Munthe, J. (199
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Table 1. AMS 14 C dating of plant m
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Table 3. Pb isotope data of leachat
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esidual fractions of the “B” co
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Depth (cm) Depth (cm) a b 0 -10 -20
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Hg accumulation rate (µg/m2/yr) 10
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Depth (cm) a Pb/Zr = UCC Depth (cm)
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Depth (cm) a Depth (cm) b 0 -10 -20
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Depth (cm) Depth (cm) a b 0 -10 -20
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Saturday, 28 December 2002 (Revised
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INTRODUCTION Recent research utiliz
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In addition, the coring system incl
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and testing prior to the Carey Isla
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Development of thi
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Fig. 5. The stainless steel (AISI 3
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Fig. 2. 13
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Fig. 4. 15
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Fig. 6. 17
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FATE OF MERCURY IN THE ARCTIC Michael Evan ... - COGCI

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