FATE OF MERCURY IN THE ARCTIC Michael Evan ... - COGCI

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200 was in the range 1 to 3 :g/m 2 /yr, whereas samples from AD 550 to AD 975 were in the range 0.3 to 0.5 :g/m 2 /yr (Fig. 4a). While some part of this variation in pre-industrial accumulation rates may be due to Holocene climate change (Martinez-Cortizas et al., 1999; Roos-Barraclough et al., 2002), the elevated Hg concentrations in samples below 55 cm (dated at AD 938 ± 48 (Fig. 2b) are found in minerotrophic peats, and we cannot yet separate the Hg concentrations into atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial components. However, it is clear that the pre-industrial, net rates of Hg accumulation in GL were in the range 0.3 to 3 :g/m 2 /yr (Fig. 4a), placing an upper limit on the natural atmospheric Hg flux. In contrast to the “natural background” Hg accumulation rate, the flux in GL reached 164 :g/m 2 /yr in 1953 (Fig. 4b). The value in 1995 (14.1 :g/m 2 /yr) is an order of magnitude lower, but still exceeds by a wide margin the natural range in net Hg accumulation rate shown in Fig. 4b. The value obtained here for 1995 is in good agreement with the Danish Eulerian Hemisphere model calculations (12.0 :g/m 2 /yr in 1995) published for South Greenland (Christensen et al., 2002), supporting the approach used here to estimate the atmospheric Hg fluxes. The error associated with the Hg fluxes (Fig. 4) is calculated to be 21%, based on conservative estimates of the errors associated with the 14 C bomb pulse curve age dates (ca. 5%), Hg concentrations (ca. 5%), and bulk density measurements (ca. 20%). Even after the upper and lower limits on the flux data are added to Fig. 4, the temporal trends in net atmospheric Hg accumulation rates are clear. Atmospheric Hg accumulation rates in southern Denmark While the DK core cannot be used to model the age-depth relationship for samples older than WWII, the age dates (Table 2) yield an average peat accumulation rate from AD 1950 to AD 1980 of 0.47 cm/y, and since AD 1980 of 0.21 cm/yr (Fig. 3d). Using these peat accumulation rates, the net atmospheric Hg accumulation rate can be calculated and is shown 16
in Fig. 4c. This graph shows that the maximum net Hg accumulation rate was 184 :g/m 2 /yr in AD 1953 and that the flux has since gone into a strong decline. The value obtained from this peat core for 1994 (14 :g/m 2 /yr) is comparable to the Danish Eulerian Hemisphere model calculations (18 :g/m 2 /yr in 1995) published for Denmark (Christensen et al., 2002). The elevated ash content in the DK core which reaches a maximum at 15-16 cm (Fig. 2b), is probably a consequence of disturbance to the peat profile; unfortunately, this layer is adjacent to the zone of maximum Hg concentration at 16-17 cm (Fig. 2b). It is difficult to determine what effect this disturbance may have had on the Hg concentration profile, the peat growth rate and therefore the Hg accumulation rate. However, the maximum Hg accumulation rates presented here (Fig. 4) are comparable to those published using other Danish peat cores by Pheiffer-Madsen (1981). In addition, Hg and Br concentrations were measured in a peat core, which we collected in the spring of 2000 from Store Vildmose, a second ombrotrophic bog in Denmark. In the Store Vildmose core, the “background” Hg/Br ratio is 0.32 x 10 -3 ± 0.12 x 10 -3 (average of 41 samples below 20 cm) and the maximum Hg/Br ratio (3.05 x10 -3 ) found from 6 to 7 cm exceeds this value by 9.6 times (data not shown). In the Storelung Mose profile described in this paper, the maximum Hg/Br ratio (3.73 x10 -3 ) exceeds this background ratio by 11.7 times. Thus, the changes in Hg/Br at Storelung Mose, despite the disturbance by peat cutting in the past, are comparable in magnitude to the changes recorded by the peat core collected from Store Vildmose (Shotyk, unpublished data). In addition, the maximum Hg concentration in the Store Vildmose core (348 ng/g) and the maximum in Hg/Br (3.05 x10 -3 ) were dated to AD 1953 using 210 Pb; this agrees remarkably well with the age date of the peak in Hg concentration at Storelung (AD 1953) which was determined using the bomb pulse curve of 14 C (Fig. 2b). In summary, the Hg concentration data presented here for the Storelung bog, as well as the Hg/Br ratios and the chronology of Hg accumulation, are comparable to our 17
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Submitted to Atmospheric Environmen
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1. Introduction Mercury in the atmo
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For all flux measurements, heating
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esponse switching valves supplied b
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3.1 RGM flux measurements The resul
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estimating for Alert an average spr
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References 1. Businger J.A. and Onc
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Table captions Table 1. RGM mass ra
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Figure 2. RGM pg m-3 350 300 250 20
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Table 2 DAYHOURMON avg.temp avg.WS
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Fate of Mercury in the Arctic Paper
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FIGURE 1. Schematic diagram of the
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mass flow controller to 10 L/min an
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FIGURE 3. Trends in Hg 0 (upper plo
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FIGURE 6. Trends in several Hg spec
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FIGURE 7. Spatial patterns in month
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(51) Ebinghaus, R.; Kock, H. H.; Te
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The fate of elemental mercury in Ar
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Ozone was measured with an UV absor
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demonstrating that BrO and ClO with
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In the model the removal of GEM lea
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15. Kemp, K. and Wåhlin, P. Applic
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GEM, ng/m 3 Fig 3. GEM against ozon
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Fig. 6 Comparison of measured surfa
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Introduction The perennial oxidatio
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Ariya et al. (11) have shown recent
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Table 1 lists the binding energies
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and a classical densities of states
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The third point demonstrated in Fig
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7. Lamborg, C. H.; Fitzgerald, W.;
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Figure 1. k rec / cm 3 molecule -1
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Asian Chemistry Letters vol. XX, No
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Page 222 and 223: Fate of Mercury in the Arctic Paper
Page 224 and 225: 496 M E Goodsite et al. In the pres
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Page 228 and 229: 500 M E Goodsite et al. observed a
Page 230 and 231: 502 M E Goodsite et al. Table 1 14C
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Page 258 and 259: ABSTRACT Mercury concentrations are
Page 260 and 261: INTRODUCTION Atmospheric pollution
Page 262 and 263: and the relative importance of natu
Page 264 and 265: corresponding to the alkaline igneo
Page 266 and 267: edges cut off the slices were dried
Page 268 and 269: Age dating using 14 C Plant macrofo
Page 270 and 271: espectively (Naucke et al., 1993).
Page 274 and 275: unpublished data for these paramete
Page 276 and 277: leachable fraction, and 32.1 µg/g
Page 278 and 279: indicator of the concentration of a
Page 280 and 281: caused by the introduction of gasol
Page 282 and 283: porewaters reveals the influence of
Page 284 and 285: For example, Hg may become adsorbed
Page 286 and 287: of the GL profile. Comparison with
Page 288 and 289: further improve our knowledge of pr
Page 290 and 291: which are derived from them. In con
Page 292 and 293: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to
Page 294 and 295: Bindler, R. (2003) Estimating the n
Page 296 and 297: of Southern Denmark. Goodsite, M.E.
Page 298 and 299: MacKenzie AB, Farmer JG, Sugden CL.
Page 300 and 301: Schroeder, W.H. and Munthe, J. (199
Page 302 and 303: Table 1. AMS 14 C dating of plant m
Page 304 and 305: Table 3. Pb isotope data of leachat
Page 306 and 307: esidual fractions of the “B” co
Page 309 and 310: Depth (cm) Depth (cm) a b 0 -10 -20
Page 311 and 312: Hg accumulation rate (µg/m2/yr) 10
Page 313 and 314: Depth (cm) a Pb/Zr = UCC Depth (cm)
Page 315 and 316: Depth (cm) a Depth (cm) b 0 -10 -20
Page 317 and 318: Depth (cm) Depth (cm) a b 0 -10 -20
Page 319 and 320: Saturday, 28 December 2002 (Revised
Page 321 and 322: INTRODUCTION Recent research utiliz
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In addition, the coring system incl
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and testing prior to the Carey Isla
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Development of thi
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Fig. 5. The stainless steel (AISI 3
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Fig. 2. 13
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Fig. 4. 15
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Fig. 6. 17
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FATE OF MERCURY IN THE ARCTIC Michael Evan ... - COGCI

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