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502 Indexamygdala (continued)central nucleus of, 247–248in chronic stress, 251–253in cognitive reappraisal, 355conditioned responses in, 250–251corticotrophin releasing factor and, 247function of, 476learned association and, 349in schizophrenia, 253–257in stress-emotion system, 130stress response regulation, 255famygdala function alterations, 18–19amygdalofugal neurons, 248, 476analgesics, 390, 476anterior cingulate cortex, 254, 354, 476anterior commisure, 476anterior pituitary, 151, 476anticipation exercise, 409anticonvulsants, 329antidepressantsBDNF and, 326effects on cortisol secretion, 272, 275fin PTSD treatment, 363antidromic, 248, 476antipsychotic drugsatypical, 272, 477effect on cortisol secretion, 272–273,275fHPA axis activation limitation and,258typical, 272, 489antisocial behavior, 447–449, 452anxiety disordersamygdala in, 231–232attention manipulation tasks and, 234–236attention-orienting tasks and, 232–233attention regulation and, 228–229brain function in, 226–227comorbidity rates, 222disorder distinction, 222face-emotion viewing displays and,230–231generalized, 233, 235impact of, 222–223neuroscience in study of, 223–224nicotine use and, 390panic, 235posttraumatic, 237prevention of, 236–237separation, 224–225social factors in, 225typical vs. pathological anxiety, 220–222apoptosis, 476appetitive (response), 476arcuate fasciculus, 476arginine vasopressin (AVP). See alsoneuropeptidesin aggression, 188child-rearing practices effect on, 351–352definition of, 489dose dependent effects of, 178early exposure to, 179–180in human psychopathology, 186–188in social behavior, 173–174, 176–178stress and, 177atosiban, 179attachmentfoster care effect on, 205–206in hemispheric brain development,91–93HPA axis activation and, 135–136in object relations theory, 88–91parental mediation, 150reactive disorder, 211n4attentional functions. See also selfregulationanxiety disorders and, 228–229in depression model, 288executive, 297Alzheimer’s disease and, 406borderline personality and, 408“cold” and “hot,” 426–427definition of, 444, 480delinquency and, 446developmental delays in, 444–445effortful control and, 404experience in development of, 409gene deletion syndrome and, 407–408mid-frontal negativity and, 409neural mediation of, 425–427prefrontal cortex in, 426prepulse inhibition and, 408schizophrenia and, 407vertical control and, 444–445genetic marker in, 415heritability of, 405