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Modifying Brain Networks 417This work was supported by NIH grants MH 43361 and HD 38051, by a 21st Centurygrant from the James S. McDonnell Foundation and the Dana Foundation Arts initiative.The first author is now at the Department of Psychology, University of Granada, Spain,and can be reached at rorueda@ugr.es.ReferencesBenes, F. M. (1999). Model generation and testing to probe neural circuitry in the cingulatecortex of postmortem schizophrenic brains. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24, 219–229.Berger, A., Jones, L., Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (2000). Computerized games tostudy the development of attention in childhood. Behavioral Research Methods andInstrumentation, 32, 297–303.Blasi, G., Mattay, G. S., Bertolino, A., Elvevåg, B., Callicott, J. H., Das, S., Kolachana,B. S., Egan, M. F., Goldberg, T. E., & Weinberger, D. R. (2005). Effect of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase val 158 met genotype on attentional control. Journal of Neuroscience,25(20), 5038–5045.Carlson, S. M., & Moses, L. J. (2001). Individual differences in inhibitory control andchildren’s theory of mind. Child Development, 72, 1032–1053.Chang, F., & Burns, B. M. (2005). Attention in preschoolers: Associations with effortfulcontrol and motivation. Child Development, 76, 247–263.Clarkin, J. F., & Posner, M. I. (2005). Defining the mechanisms of borderline personalitydisorder. Psychopathology, 38, 56–63.Diamond, A., Briand, L., Fossella, J., & Gehlbach, L. (2004). Genetic and neurochemicalmodulation of prefrontal cognitive functions in children. American Journal of Psychiatry,161, 125–132.Early, T. S., Posner, M. I., Reiman, E. M., & Raichle, M. E. (1989). Left striato-pallidalhyperactivity in schizophrenia part II. Phenomenology and thought disorder. PsychiatricDevelopments, 2, 85–121.Egan, M. F., Goldberg, T. E., Kolachana, B. S., Callicott, J. H., Mazzanti, C. M., Straub,R. E., Goldman, D., & Weinberger, D. R. (2001). Effect of COMT Val108/158 Metgenotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia. Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences of the USA, 98, 6917–6922.Ellis, E., Rothbart, M. K., & Posner, M. I. (2004). Individual differences in executive attentionpredict self-regulation and adolescent psychosocial behaviors. Annals of NewYork Academy of Sciences, 1031, 337–340.Fan, J., Fossella, J. A., Summer, T., & Posner, M. I. (2003). Mapping the genetic variationof executive attention onto brain activity. Proceedings of the National Academyof Science USA, 100, 7406–7411.Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Fossella, J., Flombaum, J. I., & Posner, M. I. (2005). Theactivation of attentional networks. Neuroimage, 26, 471–479.Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Sommer, T., Raz, M., & Posner, M. I. (2002). Testing theefficiency and independence of attentional networks. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,3, 340–347.Fan, J., Wu, Y., Fossella, J., & Posner, M. I. (2001). Assessing the heritability of attentionalnetworks. BioMed Central Neuroscience, 2, 14.Fernandez-Duque, D., & Black, S. (2006). Attentional networks in normal aging andAlzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology, 20,133–143.Fossella, J., Sommer, T., Fan, J., Wu, Y., Swanson, J. M., Pfaff, D. W., & Posner, M. I.