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The BrainWise Curriculum 4353.532.5Difference scores21.51ActualExpected0.50TOL-RTasksStroop interferenceFigure 19-1 A comparison of actual and expected difference scores for Tower of London–Revised(TOL-R) accuracy and Stroop interference.may be the case that the more sensitive test of the effectiveness of BrainWise isnot in terms of changes in executive functions as seen under “normal” testingconditions, but in terms of changes in executive skills under “stressful” testingconditions (e.g., conditions more stressful than the time limits required by theStroop).Future research involves evaluating BrainWise as a school- and family-basedintervention to improve school adaptation, performance, and achievement in lowincomechildren. Evidence suggests that programs designed to alter parentingattitudes and practices result in improved school readiness, literacy, and academicachievement (Brooks-Gunn & Markman, 2005; Olds et al., 2004). The targetchildren will receive BrainWise at school, and their caregivers will be taughtBrainWise at home. Outcomes of this group will be compared with matched groupswho receive BrainWise only in school and not at home, and children and parentswho do not receive BrainWise. This “double dose” of the BrainWise interventionwill allow pairwise comparisons to determine whether enhancing cognitive stimulationat school or the school and home is sufficient to produce improvements inchild outcomes, as well as the attendant effects of teaching caregivers new thinkingskills.