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506 Indexdrug education programs, 395drugs. See by specific name; medications;substance abuseearly-onset/persistant antisocial behavior,448early social communication scales(ESCS), 201economic status. See socioeconomicstatusefferents, 480effortful control, 404, 405electroencephalography, 480electrophysiology, 202–203, 480emigration pressures, 11emotional development, 446–447emotion recognition, 202encoding, 480endophenotypes, 224entorhinal cortex, schizophrenia and,107environmentin gene expression, 413–415in maternal behavior regulation, 158–160social behavior in context of, 448environmental stimulation, 380–381epigenesis, 480epilepsy, 22epinephrine, 128. See also adrenalineethnicity, depression differences, 285event-related potentials (ERPs), 202,206–207evidence-based interventions, 435executive function. See also attentionalfunctionsAlzheimer’s disease and, 406borderline personality and, 408“cold” and “hot,” 426–427definition of, 444, 480delinquency and, 446developmental delays in, 444–445effortful control and, 404experience in development of, 409gene deletion syndrome and, 407–408measurement of, 432neural mediation of, 425–427prefrontal cortex in, 426prepulse inhibition and, 408schizophrenia and, 407vertical control and, 444–445executive system, 375exercise, benefits of, 359–360experience, in executive attention, 409exposure, in PTSD therapy, 362extinction, 480face-emotion viewing paradigms, 230–231face recognition, 203familial cognitive styles, 291–292family-based intervention, 435Family Focused Therapy for Adolescents(FFT-A), 334–335fear conditioning paradigm, 250, 349fears, facing, 358–359fetal alcohol syndrome, 72, 76FFT-A. See Family Focused Therapy forAdolescentsfight-or-flight response, 421, 4235-HTTLPR genotype, 298–2995-HTTPLR genotype, 325follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 10foraging conditions, 159foster care. See also institutionalizationin Bucharest project, 203–204effect on ADHD, 208effect on attachment, 205–206frontal lobe, 480functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI), 230, 480functional social support, 360future orientation, 297–298GABA A receptor, 481gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 247–248, 359, 481genderdepression differences, 285, 292–295depression prevention, 302neuropeptide effects by, 181–184oxytocin effects by, 181–182prefrontal cortex development, 296in striatum declines, 17gene expression. See also transcriptionalregulationenvironmental interaction in, 413–415in executive attention, 405–406glucocorticoids in, 130, 131–132