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Index 503individual differences in, 402–404maternal care in programming, 156–158synaptic pruning in, 427attentional networks, 402, 403tattention deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)attention training for, 413in bipolar disorder presentation, 319–321critical pattern matching of, 77, 78, 79fDAT1 gene in, 415in institutionalized children, 208–209prevalence of, 320–321substance abuse and, 391attention interference tasks, 229attention manipulation tasks, 234–236developmental differences in, 235Attention Network Test (ANT), 402, 414fattention-orienting tasks, 232–233attention (term), 228attention training, 409–413atypical antipsychotics, 477axon myelination, 14–15, 55–56balance theory of wisdom, 428barbiturates, 477basal ganglia, 477basolateral amygdala (BLA), 255fBayley scales of infant development(BSID-II), 201BDNF. See brain-derived neurotrophicgrowth factorbehavior. See social behaviorsBEIP. See Bucharest Early InterventionProjectbenzodiazepines, 477binding, 477binge drinking, 392bipolar disorderADHD as presentation of, 319age of onset, 316, 317amygdala role in, 322biological risk markers for, 321depression as presentation of, 320diagnosis of, 317–319genetic markers forbrain-derived neurotrophic growthfactor, 326–328serotonin transporter, 325val66met allele, 327–328intervention population, 317–318kindling theory and, 316, 317fmood regulation in, 324fneuroimaging in, 321–322pharmacologic interventionantikindling properties of, 330neuroprotection characteristics, 329–330physiological effects of, 332–333relapse prevention, 329studies on, 331–332prefrontal cortex role in, 323–325psychotherapeutic interventionsfamily focused, 334–335preventive, 335–336treatment of, inappropriate, 315–316bipolar offspring, 319BD development in, 327fgray matter in, 323, 332BLA. See Basolateral amygdalablood oxygen level dependent (BOLD)imaging, 13borderline personalitydescription of, 90executive attention and, 408brain-derived neurotrophic growth factor(BDNF)in bipolar disorder risk, 326hippocampal effects of, 327–328brain development. See also specificbrain areasabnormal, 72–78, 465cognitive maturation, 295–298constitutional vulnerability in, 465–466in hormonal activation, 10normal, 55–57, 464–465synaptic pruning. See synaptic pruningusing CPM, 64–66volumetric image analysis of, 57–63brain hemispheres. See cerebralhemispheresbrain imaging. See neuroimagingbrain locations, 129f, 226f, 490f, 491fbrain reward systems, 17–18, 20, 354,377, 391brain stem, 477BrainWise programcognitive models in, 427–428