Untitled

396 REVERSIBLE DISORDERS OF BRAIN DEVELOPMENTmajority of adolescents who experiment with drugs do not progress to addiction,although they could experience harm or fatalities from acute effects and accidents.Those beginning at a younger age have the highest risk of developing an addictionand the poorest results when they later seek treatment as adults. Few controlledstudies of the treatment of adolescent substance abusers have been conducted, andthus little is known about the efficacy of psychotherapy and medications in adolescentpopulations.ReferencesAnthony, J. C., Warner, L. A., & Kessler, R. C. (1994). Comparative epidemiology ofdependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants: Basic findingsfrom the National Comorbidity Survey. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology,2, 244–268.Becker, H. K., Agopian, M. W., & Yeh, S. (1992). Impact evaluation of drug abuse resistanceeducation (DARE). Journal of Drug Education, 22(4), 283–291.Bergen, H. A., Martin, G., Roeger, L., & Allison, S. (2005). Perceived academic performanceand alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use: Longitudinal relationships in youngcommunity adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 30(8), 1563–1573.Botvin, G. J., Baker, E., Dusenbury, L., Botvin, E. M., & Diaz, T. (1995). Long-termfollow-up results of a randomized drug abuse prevention trial in a white middle-classpopulation. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273(14), 1106–1112.Brandt, J., Butters, N., Ryan, C., & Bayog, R. (1983). Cognitive loss and recovery in longtermalcohol abusers. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40(4), 435–442.Breslau, N. (1995). Psychiatric comorbidity of smoking and nicotine dependence. BehaviorGenetics, 25(2), 95–101.Breslau, N., Fenn, N., & Peterson, E. L. (1993). Early smoking initiation and nicotine dependencein a cohort of young adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 33(2), 129–137.Breslau, N., & Peterson, E. L. (1996). Smoking cessation in young adults: age at initiationof cigarette smoking and other suspected influences. American Journal of PublicHealth, 86(2), 214–220.Brown, S. A., & Tapert, S. F. (2004). Adolescence and the trajectory of alcohol use: basicto clinical studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 234–244.Brown, S. A., Tapert, S. F., Granholm, E., & Delis, D. C. (2000). Neurocognitive functioningof adolescents: effects of protracted alcohol use. Alcoholism: Clinical andExperimental Research, 24(2), 164–171.Carlezon, W. A., Mague, S. D., & Andersen, S. L. (2003). Enduring behavioral effects ofearly exposure to methylphenidate in rats. Biological Psychiatry, 54(12), 1330–1337.Chambers, R. A., Taylor, J. R., & Potenza, M. N. (2003). Development neurocircuitry ofmotivation in adolescence: A critical period of addiction vulnerability. American Journalof Psychiatry, 160, 1041–1052.Chen, K., Kandel, D. B., & Davies, M. (1997). Relationships between frequency andquantity of marijuana use and last year proxy dependence among adolescents and adultsin the United States. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 46(1–2), 53–67.Chernoff, R. W., Wallen, M. H., & Muller, O. F. (1962). Cardiac toxicity of methylphenidate.Report of two cases. Nord Hyg T, 266, 400–401.