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Index 513prefrontal cortex and, 253prenatal, 160in schizophrenia, 246–248reaction to, 21thigmotaxis, 156stress circuitry, 246–248stress diathesis models, 149, 151stress-emotion systemamygdala in, 130attachment relationships and, 135–136cortisol levels, 134–136function of, 127in institutionalized children, 138–140interventions for, 140–141maternal depression and, 137–138neuroendocrine component of, 128rat research on, 132–133salivary cortisol increases, 134fsocial regulatory system disturbancesand, 136–138stress inoculation, 352–353striatum, 17, 468, 487Stroop test, 229, 431, 433t, 435fstructural social support, 360subcortical activation patterns, 14substance abuseADHD and, 391age of onset, 388, 389fof alcohol, 392–393of marijuana, 393, 394fof nicotine, 390–391of opiates, 394–395prenatal, 379–380, 382prevention of, 395risk perception in, 394fof stimulants, 391–392treatment of, 395vulnerability factors, 390substance P, 488subunit, 488sulcal asymmetries, using CPM, 61, 63f,64sulcus, 488survival instincts, 423sylvian fissures, 61sympathetic-adrenal medullary (SAM)systemin attentional processes, 455definition of, 488in stress-emotion system, 128symptomatology, alleviation oremergence of, 21–22synaptic proteins, schizophrenia and,109–110synaptic pruningdefinition of, 486in gray matter loss, 296postmortem studies on, 55–56process of, in puberty, 12–15schizophrenia and, 108synaptogenesis, 488telencephalon, 488temporal lobe, schizophrenia and, 10710 Wise Ways, 429tthalamus, 488theory of mind, 405therapeutic alliance, 360thigmotaxis, 156threat bias studies, 236tobacco. See nicotine useTourette’s syndrome, 21Tower of London-Revised, 431, 433t,435ftracking exercise, 409Trails test, 449training, attentional, 406–413transcription, 488transcriptional regulation. See also geneexpressionoverview of, 104–105, 106fschizophrenia andDNA methylation, 113RNA interference, 113transcription factors, 104, 488translational process, 103, 106ftransporter, 488trauma. See also posttraumatic stressdisorder; stress and stressresponsechildhood abuse as, 351–352coping strategies foracceptance, 355–356facing fears, 358–359moral compass, 356–357physical exercise, 359–360social support, 360–361