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STGpolymorphism(geneticvulnerability)Adolescent maturationof HPA and hormonesNegativelife event(stress)Maladaptiveinferencesabout causes,consequences,and self-worthRumination(selectiveattention “stuck”in self-regulatorycycle)HopelessnessDepressionNegativecognitivestyle(cognitivevulnerability)Psychosocial AntecedentsModeling of parents’cognitive stylesNegative Inferentialfeedback“Affectionless control”parentingEmotional maltreatmentAdolescentmaturation of PFCand concomitantexecutive functions(attention, workingmemory, hypotheticalthinking, futureorientation)Figure 13-1 An integrated biological and cognitive vulnerability-stress model of depression in the context of normative adolescentbrain and cognitive development. The causal relations proposed in the model are described throughout the chapter.Dashed arrows indicate interactive effects; thus, the model includes both Cognitive vulnerability × Stress and Genetic vulnerability× Stress interactions. Solid arrows indicate direct effects.Depression and Gender Differences 287