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Stress Effects on the Developing Brain 143we consider young children, this work should naturally meld with intervention/prevention research. Surprisingly, this melding of research traditions is at its earliestphase. Most intervention/prevention research designed to improve outcomesfor children exposed to adverse early life histories has paid little or no attention toanimal studies of the impact of early experience on the developing brain. As aconsequence, there are very few intervention/prevention studies that have usedpreclinical research on the developing stress-emotion system to guide the measuresand hypotheses of prevention/intervention studies designed to reduce therisk of psychopathology. Nonetheless, as reviewed in this chapter, there is goodreason to believe that the animal work has implications for human development andthat integration of this research tradition will enrich our ability to intervene effectivelyin children’s lives.ReferencesAhnert, L., Gunnar, M., Lamb, M., & Barthel, M. (2004). Transition to child care: Associationswith infant-mother attachment, infant negative emotion and cortisol elevations.Child Development, 75, 639–650.Ashman, S. B., Dawson, G., Panagiotides, H., Yamada, E., & Wilkinson, C. W. (2002).Stress hormone levels of children of depressed mothers. Development & Psychopathology,14, 333–349.Bennett, A. J., Lesch, K. P., Heils, A., Long, J. C., Lorenz, J. G., Shoal, S. E., et al. (2002).Early experience and serotonin transporter gene variation interact to influence primateCNS function. Molecular Psychiatry, 7, 118–122.Bruce J., Tarullo, A.R., & Gunnar, M. (2006). Disinhibited social behavior among internationallyadopted children (under review).Caldji, C., Tannenbaum, B., Sharma, S., Francis, D., Plotsky, P. M., & Meaney, M. J.(1998). Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systemsmediating the expression of fearfulness in the rat. Proceedings of the National Academyof Sciences of the United States of America, 95(9), 5335–5340.Carlson, M., & Earls, F. (1997). Psychological and neuroendocrinological sequelae of earlysocial deprivation in institutionalized children in Romania. Annals of the New YorkAcademy of Sciences, 807, 419–428.Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., Ray, R. D., Glaser, B., Hessl, D., & Reiss, A. L. (2002).Diurnal salivary cortisol in pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry,51, 575–582.Caspi, A., Sugden, K., & Moffit, T. E. A. (2003, July 18). Influence of life stress ondepression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301, 386–389.Castle, J., Groothues, C., Bredenkamp, D., Beckett, C., O’Conner, T., & Rutter, M. (1999).Effects of qualities of early institutional care on cognitive attainment. American Journalof Orthopsychiatry, 69, 424–437.Cicchetti, D., & Lynch, M. (1995). Failures in the expectable environment and their impacton individual development: the case of child maltreatment. In D. Cicchetti & D. J.Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology (Vol. 2, pp. 32–71). New York: Wiley.Davidson, R. J., Lewis, M., Alloy, L. B., Amaral, D. G., Bush, G., Cohen, J., et al. (2002).