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510 Indexnicotine use, 390–391NMDA receptorsdefinition of, 484schizophrenia and, 111nonexposure-based cognitive-behavioraltherapies, 362noradrenergic transmission, 484norepinephrine, 128, 246, 484nosological classification, 221–222nucleotides, 484nucleus accumbens, 16–18, 255f, 354–355, 484nursing behavior, 152–153, 350nutritional factors, 379object relations, 88–89hemispheric contributions to, 93–95observational record of the caregivingenvironment (ORCE), 201, 204–205obsessive personality, 91ontogenetic periods, 484in humans, 14–15in nonhuman animals, 11opiate abuse, 394–395opiates, 484optimismlearned, theory of, 427in resilience, 354orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), 18, 226, 355,484orienting network, 403t, 406oxycontin, 394oxygen utilization, 13oxytocin (OT). See also neuropeptideschild-rearing practices effect on, 179,351–352definition of, 484effects on HPA of, 361epigenetic effects of, 178–179in human psychopathology, 186–188neonatal exposure to, 180–181sex differences in effects of, 181–182in social behavior, 173–174, 176–178,360–361pair-bonding, 174–175panic disorders, 224–225paraventricular nucleus (PVN), 486Parental Attributions for Children’sEvents (PACE) Scale, 292parental care. See foster care;institutionalization;maternal careparietal cortex changes, brain imaging of,59, 60fparietal lobe, 484parvocellular, 486PATHS program, 451–452PCP. See phencyclidinepeer interactionsin consciousness formation, 97–98in depression surge, 295mutuality in, 97risk-taking behaviors and, 11–12perisylvian asymmetries, 61personalityhemispheric contributions to, 91in self-regulation, 90–91personal self, 90phencyclidine (PCP), 486physical exercise, 359–360Pitocin, 179pituitary gland, 128, 129fpolymorphism, 486positive emotions, in resilience,353–355postsynaptic cell, 486posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),131. See also traumaamygdala activation and, 231fear conditioning in, 349intervention model for, 361–363medication use in, 363prolonged exposure treatment for,359risk factors for, 347–348severe childhood stress and, 350–352poverty. See socioeconomic statusprefrontal cortex (PFC)adolescent ontogeny of, 15–16anxiety response and, 231in bipolar disorder, 323–325in BrainWise terminology, 421chronic stress and, 253in constitutional vulnerability, 467definition of, 486dorsolateral (DLPFC), 426