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Neurohormones, Neurodevelopment, and Psychosis 277able individuals (Curran, Byrappa, & McBride, 2004). Future longitudinal investigationsshould address the impact of stimulants on at-risk youth.Studies of the prodromal phase of psychosis have burgeoned, with the hopethat they will shed light on the predictors of clinical psychosis. It is clear that psychotropicmedications, as well as numerous other factors, have the potential toalter neurohormonal systems and thereby influence the expression of vulnerability.In light of the documented rise in psychotropic medication of youth, it is especiallyimportant to understand how these drugs affect all steroid hormones. Thereare obvious immediate and practical considerations with respect to treatment practices.At the same time, such research has the potential to shed light on the neurohormonalfactors involved in the transition to psychosis, including the role of theHPA-hippocampal system.ReferencesAltamura, A. C., Boin, F., & Maes, M. (1999). HPA axis and cytokines dysregulation inschizophrenia: Potential implications for the antipsychotic treatment. EuropeanNeuropsychopharmacology, 10(1), 1–4.Antonova, E., Sharma, T., Morris, R., & Kumari, V. (2004). The relationship betweenbrain structure and neurocognition in schizophrenia: A selective review. SchizophreniaResearch, 70(2–3), 117–145.Arnold, A. P., & Breedlove, S. M. (1985). Organizational and activational effects of sexsteroids on brain and behavior: A reanalysis. Hormones and Behavior, 19(4), 469–498.Arnsten, A. F., & Shansky, R. M. (2004). Adolescence: Vulnerable period for stressinducedprefrontal cortical function? Introduction to part IV. Annals of the New YorkAcademy of Sciences, 1021, 143–147.Baare, W. F., van Oel, C. J., Hulshoff Pol, H. E., Schnack, H. G., Durston, S., Sitskoorn,M. M., & Kahn, R. S. (2001). Volumes of brain structures in twins discordant for schizophrenia.Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(1), 33–40.Beach, F. A. (1975). Behavioral endocrinology: An emerging discipline. American Scientist,63(2), 178–187.Bhagwagar, Z., Hafizi, S., & Cowen, P. J. (2002). Acute citalopram administration producescorrelated increases in plasma and salivary cortisol. Psychopharmacology, 163,118–120.Brown, E. S., Woolston, D., Frol, A., Bobadilla, L., Kahn, D. A., Hanczyc, M., Rush,A. J., Fleckenstein, J., Babcock, E., & Cullum, C. M. (2004). Hippocampal volume,spectroscopy, cognition, and mood in patients receiving corticosteroid therapy. BiologicalPsychiatry, 55(5), 538–545.Brown, W. A., & Williams, B. W. (1976). Methylphenidate increases serum growth hormoneconcentrations. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 43, 937–939.Buchanan, C. M., Eccles, J. S., & Becker, J. B. (1992). Are adolescents the victims ofraging hormones? Evidence for activational effects of hormones on moods and behaviorat adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 111(1), 62–107.