34 CMDITR Review <strong>of</strong> Undergraduate Research Vol. 2 No. 1 Summer <strong>2005</strong>
(EO) effec tric field is high loss, and poor thermalial that has stability. Brenda The second Eby method,netic wave side-chain, <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> links Idaho theThe applied chromophores covalently to thechanges in silica backbone. This reduces thetion in the problems demonstrated in theesult in first method and has shownlight wave promise INTRODUCTIONin thermal and temporalmaterial. stability. The chromophore, TCBDomenon is The electro-optic (3-[5-(2-{4-[bis-(2-hydroxy-(EO) effect occurs when an electric field ised in highandapplied across ethyl)-amino]-phenyl}-vinyl)-a material that has an optical electromagnetic waveoptical traveling through thiophen it. The -2 applied -yl] -2 electric ,5 –dicyano field causes -4 - changes intions. 1the As indices <strong>of</strong> [3 refraction -(3-hydroxy in the material -propoxy) that result -phenyl] in modulationsexhibiting –hexa -2 ,4-diene-dinitrile), isin the light wave passing through the material. This modulationproperties shown in Figure 1. Chromophorephenomenon is useful as it can be used in high-speed data transferh demand. material was provided by theined and the optical communication <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> applications. <strong>Washington</strong> 1 As a result, and materialss <strong>of</strong> hybrid exhibiting desirable processing electro-optic <strong>of</strong> properties hybrid are sol-gel currently in highabry-Perot demand. This material research was examined done the using electro-optic methods properties <strong>of</strong>hybrid sol-gelpreviouslymaterials inestablished.Fabry-Perot Modulator devices.Electro-Optic Properties <strong>of</strong> Hybrid Sol-GelMaterials in Fabry-Perot Modulatorsmedia with no physical linkage.This method has lead to suchproblems as phase separation,exhibitbecause <strong>of</strong>r. Hybridtype <strong>of</strong> EOe the rigid/SiO2 withf organics. 2 Hybridve as EOy are lowmaterialse two waysFigure 1. TCBD Chromophore Structure 4eshing <strong>of</strong>compounds.MATERIALping (guestuces the EO polymers exhibit anisotropic properties because <strong>of</strong> theirhe sol-gel uniaxial character. Hybrid sol-gels are a unique type <strong>of</strong> EO polymer,which combine the rigid matrix stability <strong>of</strong> Si/SiO2 with thepolarizability CMDITR <strong>of</strong> Review organic <strong>of</strong> Undergraduate chromophore Research Vol. molecules. 1 No. 12 Hybrid solgelsare attractive as EO polymers because they are low cost, easyto process materials with low loss. 3 There are two ways to achievethis meshing <strong>of</strong> inorganic and organic compounds. The first isthrough doping (guest host) which introduces the chromophoresto the sol-gel media with no physical linkage. This method haslead to such problems as phase separation, high loss, and poorthermal stability. The second method, side-chain, links the chromophorescovalently to the silica backbone. This reduces theproblems demonstrated in the first method and has shown promisein thermal and temporal stability. The chromophore, TCBDHaiyong Gan, Hongxi Zhang and Mahmoud FallahiFallahi Lab, Optical Science Center <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> ArizonaFabry-Perot Etalons, , aresymmetric structures with the EO polymer(3-[5-(2-{4-[bis-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-amino]-phenyl}-vinyl)- sandwiched between two layers each <strong>of</strong> thiophen-2 -yl] -2 which ,5 –dicyano contain -4 -[3 -(3-hydroxy a glass -propoxy) substrate, -phenyl] a–hexa -2 ,4-diene-dinitrile), transparent is conductive shown in Figure electrode 1. Chromophore and amaterial was provided highly by reflective the <strong>University</strong> (>99%) <strong>of</strong> <strong>Washington</strong> Distributed and processing<strong>of</strong> hybrid Bragg sol-gel material Reflective was done (DBR) using methods mirror. previouslyestablished. 4Device<strong>of</strong>Whewavrefrais thgoinphasintertransare in phase. upondescribes theFabry-Perot Etalons, Figurethe DBR thick2, are symmetric structures with between tosucEthe EO polymerDEVICEsandwichedis: geneFabry-Perot between Etalons, two layers Figure 2, each are symmetric <strong>of</strong> which structures withcontain a glass substrate, apthe EO polymer sandwiched between two layers each <strong>of</strong> which d 2 the Ê ˆ=transparent conductive electrodeÁequa ˜¯2contain a glass substrate, a transparent conductive electrode and Ë land a highly reflective (>99%)a highly reflective (>99%) Distributed Bragg Reflective Where (DBR) is thDistributed Bragg Reflectivemirror. (DBR)incident wavemirror.<strong>of</strong> the film,DBR Mirrorsindex <strong>of</strong> the Ethe internal itranslight going tThe waves show inEO Polymer throughFabry-Perot Etalons are commonly usedinterference,data transmission and have applicationsnarrow as transmodulators,ITOtunable filters, and optical vary dependinswitches. As light passes through factors the showGlassThey includFigure device 1: Fabry-Perot a resonance Etalon SchematicFigure 2. Fabry-Perot Etalon Schematic change in refdue to internal reflection occurs inside theEO effect,EO polymer cavity between the highlyroughness.Fabry-Perot Fabry-Perot reflective Etalons are DBR commonly Etalons mirrors. used in are Interferencedata transmissiontransmissionand have commonly applications betweenas these modulators, used two surface in tunable data results filters, in and only theopticalphase sswitches. transmission As light specific passes wavelengths through and the device <strong>of</strong>havea resonance light being following equaapplications as modulators,due to internal transmitted. reflection occurs Successive inside the reflections EO polymer will cavitytunable filters, and opticalbetween the highly cancel reflective eachDBR other mirrors. out Interference becausebetween<strong>of</strong> dswitches. As light passesthese two through surface destructive results the device in interference only a resonance specific wavelengths except at <strong>of</strong> thelightwherebeing transmitted. due wavelengths to internal Successive were reflections the light occurs will waves cancel each are in other out because inside <strong>of</strong> phase. destructive the The EO interference equation polymer except that cavity describes A typicalat the wavelengths thewere the between light phase waves the are shift highly in because phase. reflective The <strong>of</strong> equation the DBR transmissionthat mirror describesmirrors. Interference betweenthis is shownthe phase shiftdifferencebecause <strong>of</strong>betweenthe DBRsuccessivemirror differencereflectionsbetweenthese is: two surface results in onlyWhesuccessivespecificreflectionswavelengthsis:<strong>of</strong> light beingshifttransmitted.Successiveandreflections will cancel each other indeout because <strong>of</strong> destructiveandinterference except at theEquation 1wavelengths were the light wavesFigure 1: TCBD Chromophore Structure 4 CMDITR Review <strong>of</strong> Undergraduate Research VoCMDITR Review <strong>of</strong> Undergraduate Research Vol. 2 No. 1 Summer <strong>2005</strong> 352 CMDITR Review <strong>of</strong> Undergraduate Research Vol. 1 No. 1 Summer 200
- Page 2 and 3: The material is based upon work sup
- Page 4 and 5: TABLE OF CONTENTSSynthesis of Dendr
- Page 6 and 7: 6 CMDITR Review of Undergraduate Re
- Page 8 and 9: SYNTHESIS OF DENDRIMER BUILDING BLO
- Page 10 and 11: throughout the work period. Five su
- Page 12 and 13: 12 CMDITR Review of Undergraduate R
- Page 14 and 15: BARIUM TITANATE DOPED SOL-GEL FOR E
- Page 16 and 17: BARIUM TITANATE DOPED SOL-GEL FOR E
- Page 18 and 19: SYNTHESIS OF NORBORNENE MONOMER OF
- Page 20: 20 CMDITR Review of Undergraduate R
- Page 23 and 24: using different reaction conditions
- Page 25 and 26: Synthesis of Nonlinear Optical-Acti
- Page 27 and 28: quality of the XRD structures wasca
- Page 29 and 30: Behavioral Properties of Colloidal
- Page 32 and 33: Transmission electron microscopy ha
- Page 36 and 37: areorient themselves with the elect
- Page 38 and 39: Fabry-Perot modulators with electro
- Page 40 and 41: 40 CMDITR Review of Undergraduate R
- Page 42 and 43: QUANTIZED HAMILTON DYNAMICS APPLIED
- Page 44 and 45: 44 CMDITR Review of Undergraduate R
- Page 46 and 47: INVESTIGATING NEW CLADDING AND CORE
- Page 48 and 49: Dr. Robert NorwoodChris DeRoseAmir
- Page 50 and 51: SYNTHESIS OF TPD-BASED COMPOUNDS FO
- Page 52 and 53: SYNTHESIS OF TPD-BASED COMPOUNDS FO
- Page 54 and 55: OPTIMIZING HYBRID WAVEGUIDESpropaga
- Page 56 and 57: At closer spaces the second undesir
- Page 58 and 59: SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS OF THIOL-STA
- Page 60 and 61: 60 CMDITR Review of Undergraduate R
- Page 62 and 63: QUINOXALINE-CONTAINING POLYFLUORENE
- Page 64 and 65: QUINOXALINE-CONTAINING POLYFLUORENE
- Page 66 and 67: 66 CMDITR Review of Undergraduate R
- Page 68 and 69: SYNTHESIS OF DENDRON-FUNCTIONALIZED
- Page 70 and 71: 70 CMDITR Review of Undergraduate R
- Page 72 and 73: BUILDING AN OPTICAL OXIMETER TO MEA
- Page 74 and 75: 74 CMDITR Review of Undergraduate R
- Page 76 and 77: 76 CMDITR Review of Undergraduate R
- Page 78 and 79: TOWARD MOLECULAR RESOLUTION C-AFM W
- Page 80 and 81: TOWARD MOLECULAR RESOLUTION C-AFM W
- Page 82 and 83: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF E
- Page 84 and 85:
My name is Aaron Montgomery and I a
- Page 86 and 87:
1,1-DIPHENYL-2,3,4,5-TETRAKIS(9,9-D
- Page 88 and 89:
1,1-DIPHENYL-2,3,4,5-TETRAKIS(9,9-D
- Page 90 and 91:
EFFECTS OF SURFACE CHEMISTRY ON CAD
- Page 92 and 93:
EFFECTS OF SURFACE CHEMISTRY ON CAD
- Page 94 and 95:
94 CMDITR Review of Undergraduate R
- Page 96 and 97:
SYNTHESIS OF A POLYENE EO CHROMOPHO
- Page 98 and 99:
SYNTHESIS OF A POLYENE EO CHROMOPHO
- Page 102 and 103:
102 CMDITR Review of Undergraduate
- Page 104 and 105:
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MOLECULAR P
- Page 106 and 107:
106 CMDITR Review of Undergraduate
- Page 108 and 109:
OPTIMIZATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR NANOP
- Page 110 and 111:
OPTIMIZATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR NANOP
- Page 112 and 113:
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PHOTODECOMP
- Page 114 and 115:
114 CMDITR Review of Undergraduate
- Page 116 and 117:
ELECTROLUMINESCENT PROPERTIES OF OR
- Page 118 and 119:
118 CMDITR Review of Undergraduate
- Page 120 and 121:
DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR ORIENTAT
- Page 122 and 123:
DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR ORIENTAT
- Page 124 and 125:
HYDROGEL MATERIALS FOR TWO-PHOTON M
- Page 126 and 127:
HYDROGEL MATERIALS FOR TWO-PHOTON M
- Page 128 and 129:
THE DESIGN OF A FLUID DELIVERY SYST
- Page 130:
THE DESIGN OF A FLUID DELIVERY SYST