Student Project Abstracts 2005 - Pluto - University of Washington

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SYNTHESIS OF TPD-BASED COMPOUNDS FOR USE IN MODIFICATION OF ITO SURFACES AND METAL NANOPARTICLESPd 2(dba) 3(88.6 mg, 0.0968 mmol), DPPF (110 mg, 0.198 mmol),and sodium tert-butoxide (0.584 g, 6.08 mmol). The tube wassealed with a septum, evacuated under vacuum for ten minutesand purged with argon gas for ten minutes. Anhydrous toluene(20 mL) was added via cannula. The mixture was heated withstirring to 100°C for 24h. Toluene was evaporated under reducedpressure, and the resulting brown oil was dissolved in 20 mL dichloromethane,then filtered through silica gel, and the solventevaporated. Column chromatography on SiO 2using 4:1 hexanes:toluene as eluent gave a glassy, yellow solid (3.16g, 84 % yield).1H NMR (300 MHz, CD 2Cl 2, ∂): 7.79 (d, 4H), 7.42 (m, 10H), 7.28(t, 2H), 7.12 (m, 6H), 7.01 (m, 4H), 6.90 (m, 9H), 2.28 (s, 3H),2.26 (s, 3H), 1.17 (s, 9H).Aaron Finke is a senior majoring in chemistry at the University ofArizona. He will graduate in May 2006 and plans on attendinggraduate school in organic or inorganic chemistry.REFERENCES(1) Brumbach, M. Doctoral Thesis; University of Arizona: Tucson,2003.(2) Okumoto, K.; Wayaku, K.; Noda, T.; Kageyama, H.; Shirota,Y. Synthetic Mealst 2000, 111, 473-476.(3) Shirota, Y.; Okumoto, K.; Inada, H. Synthetic Mealst 2000,111, 387-391.(4) Stellacci, F.; Bauer, C. A.; Meyer-Friedrichsen, T.; Wendeleers,W.; Marder, S. R.; Perry, J. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125,328-329.(5) Wendeleers, W.; Stellacci, F.; Meyer-Friedrichsen, T.; Mangel,T.; Bauer, C. A.; Pond, S. J. K.; Marder, S. R.; Perry, J. W. J.Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 6853-6863.(6) Hreha, R. D.; Zhang, Y. D.; Domercq, B.; Larribeau, N.;Haddock, J. N.; Kippelen, B.; Marder, S. R. Synthesis-Stuttgart2002, 1201-1212.(7) Hartwig, J. F. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2046-2067.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSResearch support is gratefully acknowledged from the NationalScience Foundation Center on Materials and Devices forInformation Technology Research (CMDITR), DMR-0120967.52 CMDITR Review of Undergraduate Research Vol. 2 No. 1 Summer 2005
Optimizing Hybrid WaveguidesAndrew GardnerHighline Community CollegeKjersti Kleven and Scott DunhamDepartment of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonThis paper outlines research into how much the propagation constant of hybrid waveguideschanges when the index of refraction of the cladding layer is altered. Various indexes ofthe cladding layer, heights of the silicon block, widths of the silicon blocks, and spacesbetween the two silicon blocks were modeled to find optimal dimensions to produce themaximum change in the propagation constant.INTRODUCTIONWaveguides have been used in optical modulators for more thanten years. Recently, the concept of hybrid waveguides has been afocus of research. Hybrid waveguide can perform the same functionas traditional waveguides, although they designed and operate muchdifferently.Waveguides act much like wires for light. While electric wiresconduct or guide electricity, waveguides propagate or guide light.Traditional waveguides do this by guiding the light inside a high indexmaterial surrounded by lower index cladding layer. However,hybrid waveguides are unique in that they actually guide the light ina low index region between two blocks of high index material. 1Light propagates through a waveguide the as a mode. Modesare a spatial distribution of optical energy or an electromagneticwave that is a solution of Maxwell’s wave equations. Two importanttypes of modes for this application are guided modes and substrateradiation modes. The substrate radiation mode is an unguidedmode which means the wave will disperse into the substrate layers. Aguided mode is a wave that experiences total internal refraction andremains well confined within the waveguide. There can also be morethat one guided mode inside a waveguide.For every mode of a waveguide, there is an associated propagationconstant. The propagation constant describes how fast the wavemoves along the waveguide. The triangle in Fig. 1 shows a vectorrelationship between how fast the wave moves through the materialand the propagation constant, beta(β). Theta(θ) is the actual angleof wave movement inside the waveguide. The planar waveguide inFig. 1 demonstrates how a waveguide can have two modes. Noticethat both modes experience total internal refraction, but they bounceoff the surfaces at different angles. This shows why the two modesare different. Since the waves travel at the same speed inside thematerial but at different angles, they travel along the X axis at differentspeeds. The same principle applies to all guided waves in awaveguide.Figure 1. Right: The propagation constant vector relationship.Left: A waveguide with two guided modes.The power flow diagram of a 2-D cross-section of a waveguide(see Fig. 2) shows how light waves propagate through a3-D waveguide. The red area indicates where the majority of thelight is concentrated. Fig. 2 demonstrates the difference betweena hybrid waveguide and a traditional waveguide. In the hybridwaveguide the mode is much more confined in the narrow lowindex region rather than in the high index blocks. This happensbecause of a large discontinuity in the transverse E-field at thehigh-index material–cladding interface. 2Another advantage of a hybrid waveguide is that the modesof the waveguide depend more on the index of refraction (index)of the cladding layer than traditional waveguides because thelight propagates through the cladding material. If an active materialis used for the cladding layer, the index of this material couldbe changed, which would affect the propagation of the mode.Recent advances in electro-optic (EO) polymers allow them toexperience a very large change in their index of refraction whenan electric field is applied across them. 3 This effect can be usedwith hybrid waveguides to change the propagation constant of themodes of a hybrid waveguide enough to allow the waveguidesto be reduced in size for modulator applications and still remaineffective. For an example, in a Mach-Zehnder modulator a traditionalwaveguide arm would have to be about 2cm in lengthwhile a hybrid waveguide arm would only have to be .5 to 1mmin length to be equally effective.CMDITR Review of Undergraduate Research Vol. 2 No. 1 Summer 2005 53
Page 2 and 3: The material is based upon work sup
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Page 23 and 24: using different reaction conditions
Page 25 and 26: Synthesis of Nonlinear Optical-Acti
Page 27 and 28: quality of the XRD structures wasca
Page 29 and 30: Behavioral Properties of Colloidal
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Page 38 and 39: Fabry-Perot modulators with electro
Page 42 and 43: QUANTIZED HAMILTON DYNAMICS APPLIED
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Page 48 and 49: Dr. Robert NorwoodChris DeRoseAmir
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CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MOLECULAR P
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OPTIMIZATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR NANOP
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OPTIMIZATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR NANOP
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CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PHOTODECOMP
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ELECTROLUMINESCENT PROPERTIES OF OR
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DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR ORIENTAT
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DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR ORIENTAT
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HYDROGEL MATERIALS FOR TWO-PHOTON M
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HYDROGEL MATERIALS FOR TWO-PHOTON M
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THE DESIGN OF A FLUID DELIVERY SYST
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Student Project Abstracts 2005 - Pluto - University of Washington

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