Student Project Abstracts 2005 - Pluto - University of Washington

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SYNTHESIS OF DENDRIMER BUILDING BLOCKS WITH CROSSLINKABLE MOIETIESCrosslinkable cinnamate dendrons were prepared with a pentylester similar to the ethyl ester previously reported (Scheme3). 10 Scheme 3. Synthetic route used to produce [G-1]-cinnamate dendrons.In the first step of the synthesis, which was taken from modifiedpublished procedures, 11 removal of the remaining pentanolused to produce 4 proved difficult and therefore was not an improvementover previous methodology. However, the solubilityin the consecutive steps of the synthesis was greatly increased asa result of incorporation of the pentyl group. Compound 6 wasfound to be much more soluble than its ethyl ester counterpart.While the Mitsunobu reaction used to produce compound 5 stillgave low yields, it was an improvement over the previous synthesisof ethyl ester cinnamate dendrons.Compound 6 was then used to produce the [G2]-cinnamatedendron (7).varying functionality. A synthetic route was developed to produceup to [G-2]-cinnamate dendrons with a pentyl group, whichwas found to be an improvement over the previous synthesis ofethyl ester cinnamate dendrons. In the future film studies willbe performed on both polymers produced from these dendronsas well as the dendrons themselves to determine the effects ofcrosslinking.REFERENCES1Fréchet, J.M.J. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym Chem 2003, 41,3713-3725.2Grayson, S.M.; Frechet, J.M.J.; Chem. Rev. 101, 3819-3868.3Grayson, S.M.; Fréchet, J.M.J. Chem. Rev. 101, 3819-3868.4Guo, W.J.; Li, J.J.; Peng, X.; Wang, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003,12, 3901-3909.5D’Ambruoso, G.D. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Arizona, 2004.6Lencoff, N.G.; Spurlin, T.A.; Gewirth, A.A.; Zimmerman, S.C.;Beil, J.B.; Elmer, S.L.; Vandeveer, H.G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004,126, 11420-11421.7Zimmerman8McGrath, D.V.; Shanahan, C.S. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 70, 1054.9Zimmerman, S.C.; Elmer, S.L. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 7363-7366.10D’Ambruoso, G.D. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Arizona, 2004.11CernerdACKNOWLEDGEMENTS-Dr. Dominic McGrath, Professor of Chemistry, University ofArizona-McGrath Research Group-Funding provided by the Center on Materials and Devices forInformation Technology Research (CMDITR), an NSF Scienceand Technology Center No. DMR 0120967Scheme 4. Synthesis of [G-2]-cinnamate dendron.CONCLUSIONSIn this project various synthetic routes were explored for generatingboth 3,5-di-tert-butyl terminal dendrons as well as crosslinkablecinnamate dendrons. It is possible that this reaction willwork under less harsh conditions by using a weaker base. Afteran effective synthetic route is established for these dendrons, anentire class of BHT derived compounds may be synthesized withKathy Beckner will graduate from the University of Kentucky inFall 2005 with a B.S. in chemistry. She would like to thank Dr.Dominic McGrath and the McGrath group for their support.8 CMDITR Review of Undergraduate Research Vol. 2 No. 1 Summer 2005
different roughness and grain size and to relateContact Angle Measurements on Diamond Surfacesthis behavior to the range and magnitude of thefor a Study on Hydrophobic hydrophobic forces generated Forces by these surfaces. InAriel BedfordFlorida A&M UniversityINTRODUCTIONThe hydrophobic force is the attractive force between hydrophobicsurfaces in water solutions. It is usually measured atthe nanoscale, and its origin and nature constitutes a major areaof study presently. The entropy driven force that causes oil toseparate from water is an example of the hydrophobic effect. Hydrophobicforces are crucial in many physical and biological phenomenasuch as protein folding. Currently, research dealing withthese forces on surfaces that are hydrophobic and stable, such asdiamond, is limited. The goal of this work was to study the hydrophobicbehavior of diamond surfaces with different roughnessand grain size and to relate this behavior to the range and magnitudeof the hydrophobic forces generated by these surfaces. Inparticular we studied the relationship between hydrophobic forceand surface characteristics such as static and dynamic contactangle, contact angle hysteresis, grain density and roughness.THEORYStatic contact angle is the angle made by a tangent line betweenthe gas and liquid phases of a water droplet on a surface.Decisive patterns of contact angle advancing and receding wereused in order to view the hydrophobic character of the surfaces.When measuring the advancing contact angle of a surface, thecontact angle steadily increases and peaks before having a steadydecreasing period. This maximum contact angle is called advancingcontact angle. The peak has to be seen in unison with a slightincrease of the baseline length of the water droplet, and then areturn to plateau-like recordings. On the other hand when measuringreceding contact angles, the measurements were sensed tohave slight decreases, a low point peak, and then steady increases,while having simultaneous baseline length measurementsdecreasing with the peaks, and having plateau-like recordingsfollow as well. The first duty in the research process consistedof taking static contact angle measurements of each surface. Thesecond step was to then take advancing and receding contact anglemeasurements that were isolated into small intervals of time(usually 500 millisecond intervals over a 3 second period). Thethird task was to calculate any possible contact angle hysteresisphenomena such as protein folding. Currently,research dealing with these forces on surfaces thatare hydrophobic and stable, such as diamond, islimited. The goal of this work was to study thehydrophobic behavior of diamond surfaces withparticular we studied the relationship betweenhydrophobic force and surface characteristics suchas static and dynamic contact angle, contact anglehysteresis, grain density and roughness.Dr. Elisa Riedo, Lina Merchanand Dr. Robert SzoszkiewiczRiedo Lab, School Of PhysicsGeorgia Institute of Technologymeasurements were sensed to hdecreases, a low point peak, anincreases, while having simultalength measurements decreasinand having plateau-like recordinThe first duty in the research ptaking static contact angle measurface. The second step was toadvancing and receding contactmeasurements that were isolateintervals of time (usually 500intervals over a 3 second periodwas to calculate any possible chysteresis on the surfaces, andassignment was to compare thepreviously recorded grain densiTheoryStatic contact angle is the angle madeby a tangent line between the gas and liquiddata.phases of a water droplet on a surface. Decisivepatterns of contact angle advancing and recedingwere used in order to view the hydrophobicon the surfaces, and the fourth assignment was to compare theseresults with previously recorded grain density and roughnessAdvancing/Receding Contact Angles vs.data.Baseline Length vs. time Graphs DefinitionsContact angle grows steadily, peaks,then steadily declinesBaseline length constant, increasesslightly, reverts to constantContact angle declines steadily, peaks,then steadily increasesBaseline length constant, decreasesslightly, reverts to constantAdvancing/receding contact angles vs. baseline lengths vs. time graph definitionsRESEARCH METHODMaterialsNine diamond surfaces were used in total throughout thework period. Five surfaces were nanocrystalline, had a thicknessrange of about 2-3μm, and had diamond grain in the scaleof 100nm. The nanocrystalline surfaces were grown with varyingconcentrations of methane, which affected the grain size.The other four surfaces were two polycrystalline disks, having athickness of around 180μm and totaling 11mm in diameter. Bothsides of the polycrystalline surfaces were used for research; oneside was deemed smoother due to being polished mechanicallybefore being sent for this particular research use. The nanocystallinesurfaces were signified from al25-al29, and the polycrystallinesurfaces sd1u, sd1d, sd2u, and sd2d, respectively.ProcedureContact angle measurements were taken using a CAM 100contact angle machine with a 50mm USB camera. For staticcontact angle measurements, the metal platform of the machinewas adjusted in a manner so that a single water droplet could belowered onto a sample surface. Producing a single water dropletfor static contact angles and a continuous water flux for dynamiccontact angles were manipulated using a water syringe suspendedabove the platform. The syringe was attached to an apparatus onthe CAM that would allow for adjustment in height of the syringeCMDITR Review of Undergraduate Research Vol. 2 No. 1 Summer 2005 9Advancing/theory defin
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BUILDING AN OPTICAL OXIMETER TO MEA
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My name is Aaron Montgomery and I a
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Student Project Abstracts 2005 - Pluto - University of Washington

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