wise use of mires and peatlands - Peatland Ecology Research Group
wise use of mires and peatlands - Peatland Ecology Research Group
wise use of mires and peatlands - Peatland Ecology Research Group
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102 VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERENT VALUES MEET(ii) Wants: The satisfaction <strong>of</strong> wants(amenities/commodities/peripheralinterests) is a comparative concept 7 : it islargely based on what others in the socialsurrounding possess 8 . “Keeping up withthe Joneses” 9 is to some extent obligatory,as it co-determines social acceptance <strong>and</strong>respect 10 : a social being cannot behavealtogether differently from others 11 . This“mimetical desire” 12 , however, has nomaterial upper limits 13 . The distinctionbetween needs <strong>and</strong> wants is complicatedby the fact that the same product maysatisfy both needs <strong>and</strong> wants 14 .Conflict ca<strong>use</strong>Different underst<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>of</strong>terms <strong>and</strong> concepts(miscommunication,insufficient informationexchange)Examples* one person using the term “mire”meaning the Finnish “suo” versus anothermeaning the German “Moor”* agreeing on “sustainability”, butattributing different meanings to thatconcept (cf.§ 4.7)* disagreeing on the best managementoption for peatl<strong>and</strong>s to reduce thegreenho<strong>use</strong> effect* conflicts on how to maximise monetarypr<strong>of</strong>its* preference for cultivated orchids in avase versus wild orchids in a mire* preference for cloudberry 19 liquor versusa winter living room temperature <strong>of</strong> 22 o C.* conservation <strong>of</strong> a medically importantglobally threatened species versus miredrainage to prevent disease in an adjacentvillage* vital local versus vital global humaninterests* reducing malnutrition amongcontemporary human beings versus longtermenvironmental impacts on humanbeings* nature conservation (oriented on species)versus animal protection (oriented onindividual organisms)* anthropocentric versus nonanthropocentricposition: “But the pine isno more lumber than man is, <strong>and</strong> to be madeinto boards <strong>and</strong> ho<strong>use</strong>s is no more its true<strong>and</strong> highest <strong>use</strong> than the truest <strong>use</strong> <strong>of</strong> a manis to be cut down <strong>and</strong> made into manure” 22 .Conflictsdealingwithfacts12Different judgements as tothe means most suited toachieving a particular end.Conflictsdealingwithchoices3Different preferences asbetween differentinstrumental values456Attaching differentprecedences 20 to differentinstrumental or intrinsicvaluesDifferent priorities 21 withrespect to instrumental orintrinsic valuesDifferent positions withrespect to which entitieshave intrinsic moral valueTable 4/1: Overview <strong>of</strong> the ca<strong>use</strong>s <strong>of</strong> conflicts between human beings.
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