wise use of mires and peatlands - Peatland Ecology Research Group

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84 VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PEATLANDSSometimes Johan Clemme would ponder whether he had done right in opening thiswilderness for man. He loved the land because of its sadness and its poverty. He lovedit because of the secrets of its soil, the sunken world of plants, trees, and animals. Heloved the land because of its wide heaven. After them, all generations who lived there,he loved. He knew that among them were many who could only live in the bog andwould be unhappy everywhere else. In their silent faces he recognised himself.Aar van der Werfhorst 1945Their limited accessibility has often turnedmires into political, cultural, and languageborders 230 .As part of their social-amenity functionspeatlands may act as a bringing-togetherpoint for social contacts, places where peoplemeet and acquire company, friendship,solidarity, and self-respect 231 . In some areas,these social aspects of employment (“keepingthe rural area alive”) have constituteddecisive reasons for peat extraction, forexample in the midlands of Ireland and centralFinland.Data on employment in peatland agriculture,peatland forestry, and mire conservation arenot available on a global scale 232 . In directindustrial peat extraction (Tables 3/17 and3/18), employment has been declining duringthe last decade, because of decreasingproduction volumes 233 and the introductionof more labour-efficient productiontechniques 234 . No data are available onindirect employment but a 1993 report 235estimated the multiplier effect (therelationship between direct and combineddirect/indirect employment) at between 1.15and 1.25.(s) Recreation and aesthetic functionsMires and peatlands have recreation valuein that they provide opportunities forrecreation. The limited accessibility of miresand peatlands (“too wet to drive, too dry toboat”) does not make them particularly suitedfor mass recreation. Where facilities 236 areavailable, however, large numbers of peoplemay visit these open, often softly undulatinglandscapes with their endless skies andmirror-like water surfaces, their wealth ofextraordinary species, their historicaldimension, and their treacherous, mysteriousbut exciting character 237 (Table 3/19). Manymore mires are used for low-intensityrecreation by amateur hunters, anglers,gatherers of berries and mushrooms, hikers,1990 1998 1999Average Peak Average Peak Average PeakEastern Europe 89 900 91 200 25 900 26 400 25 600 26 400Western Europe 8 100 11 000 8 400 15 200 8 300 13 800North America 2 500 3 600 3 100 3 900 3 200 4 000Total 100 500 105 800 37 400 44 800 37 120 44 500(IPS questionnaire 2000, preliminary data, supplemented by estimates)Table 3/17: Labour force in the global peat industry in man-years
VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PEATLANDS851990 1998 1999Belarus 12 000 7 500 7 000Russia 56 000 12 500 13 500Ukraine 18 600 4 200 2 700Estonia 300 1 200Latvia 4 000 1 100 1 200Finland 3 000 4 400 3 400Sweden 1 200 1 200 1 200Poland 600 800 800Germany 3 500 2 500 2 600Ireland 3 900 3 800 3 300United Kingdom 500 500 500U.S.A. 1 200 900 900Canada 2 400 3 000 3 100Total 105 600 45 000 44 100(IPS questionnaire 2000, preliminary data, supplemented by estimates)Table 3/18: Peak labour force in various countries in man-yearsskiers, boaters, and by other people lookingfor wilderness, quietness, and remoteness.Aesthetic functions attach to the appreciationof beauty. The awesome beauty of mires andpeatlands has inspired artists since AlbrechtDürer 250 . The openness, patterns, andsymmetry of many peatland landscapes areaesthetically fascinating 251 , their blaze ofcolours varying from pastel and melancholicto deep green and bright red, and the delicatesymmetry of specialised groups of microorganisms252 . Special conferences haverecently been devoted to the aesthetics ofmires and peatlands 253 . Some wild peatlandorganisms are specifically protected (andcollected and marketed) for their beauty, suchas orchids and ornamental blackwater fish 254 .(t) Symbolisation, spirituality, andexistence functionsSymbolisation, spirituality, and existencefunctions play an important role in the selfidentificationand group-identification ofhuman beings. Symbolisation functions arethose attaching to things which act assymbols of other values. Large conspicuousorganisms, often mammals or birds 255 , moreseldom plants 256 , and landscapes 257 may havesuch symbolisation value 258 for individuals,organisations and nations. Examples of theformer are hunting trophies 259 (of peatlandanimals like moose (Alces alces), bear (Ursussp.), grouse (Lagopus lagopus scotticus,Lyrurus tetrix), snipe (Gallinago gallinago),crocodiles (Crocodilia) and tiger (Pantheratigris). Some peatland organisms have awider symbolisation value, includingEagles 260 , Beavers 261 , Crocodiles andAlligators 262 , Cranes 263 , Storks 264 , and
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WISE USEOF MIRES AND PEATLANDS -BAC
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT3CONTENTSGuide to
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT5References .....
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT7Peatlands are na
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT9use of the peatl
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GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT11a
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GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT13A
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GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT15b
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INTRODUCTION19resources. These help
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INTRODUCTION211998 Peatlands Under
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INTRODUCTION23●●●●●●●
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS252.2 PEAT FORMA
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS27Table 2/1: Eco
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS29Figure 2/3: Hy
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS31peat formation
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE135the manage
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE137Does the e
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE139well-being
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE141This summa
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE143knowledge
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE145Surwold Me
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE147Peatland-l
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE149Marine tra
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE151Bog prepar
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE153Peat-fired
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE155Cattle on
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE157Pristine p
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE159Fire on a
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE16171See §§
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS163Ba
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS165De
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS167Fo
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS169In
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS171No
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS173Pi
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS175So
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS177Vo
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS179Lindsay, Richard
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS181International Pe
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APPENDICES183APPENDICES
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APPENDIX I185Original 2002 2002Coun
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APPENDIX I187Philippines 300,000 10
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APPENDIX I189Country Total area Pea
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APPENDIX I191Country Total area Pea
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APPENDIX I193The other important as
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APPENDIX 2195Region Methane emissio
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APPENDIX 2197A2.3 THE ROLE OF PEATL
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APPENDIX 21991200010000FensBogskg C
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APPENDIX 2201Total C in 10 9 gUndis
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APPENDIX 2203source of carbon dioxi
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APPENDIX 4205APPENDIX 4PATTERNS OF
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APPENDIX 4207license from the relev
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APPENDIX 52093. Quality of decision
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APPENDIX 6211APPENDIX 6CODE OF COND
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APPENDIX 7213APPENDIX 7INTERNATIONA
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APPENDICES2151Based on information
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REFERENCES217REFERENCESAardema, M.,
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REFERENCES219Bedford, B.L., 1999, C
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REFERENCES221morning. Hunting and n
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REFERENCES223Application of static
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REFERENCES225Amsterdam, pp. 35-65.F
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REFERENCES227beautiful). Proceeding
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REFERENCES229595 p.IPCC, 1995, Clim
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REFERENCES231der Sitten (Ed. by Kra
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REFERENCES233are you harvested. Rev
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REFERENCES235Marschner, H., 1995, M
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REFERENCES237wet relationship. Tran
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REFERENCES239Växtsociologiska Säl
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REFERENCES241Peatland, Sarawak, Mal
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REFERENCES243Schäfer, A., and Dege
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REFERENCES245Sirin, A.A., Minaeva T
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REFERENCES247Princeton University P
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REFERENCES249Kluwer Academic Publis
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REFERENCES251Event, p. 222.Whinam,
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INDEX253INDEXAAapa mire 30, 42, 81,
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INDEX255Arrhenius Svante 99Art/arti
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INDEX257Black peat 41, 54, 56, 58,
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INDEX259Carex canescens 27Carex ces
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INDEX261Cloud condensation nuclei 7
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INDEX263Cross purposes 103Cross-cou
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INDEX265Dutch Foundation for the Co
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INDEX267Eurasia 60, 75, 196Europe 3
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INDEX269Freedom from arbitrary arre
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INDEX271Growing media 51-53, 136, 1
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INDEX273Hydrologic characteristics
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INDEX275ISO 14001 136Isotope 169Iso
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INDEX277Lathyrus palustris 27Latk F
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INDEX279Management Guidelines 19, 2
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REFERENCES281Modifiers 120, 127-128
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REFERENCES283New Caledonia 191New Z
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REFERENCES285PPacific North West 71
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REFERENCES287Photochemically active
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REFERENCES289Product diversificatio
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REFERENCES291Research 100Research n
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REFERENCES293Scotland 58, 59, 98Sco
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REFERENCES295Song of the Peatbog So
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REFERENCES297Suspended solids 56, 8
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REFERENCES299Triglochin palustre 27
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REFERENCES301Verlandungsmoore 26Ver
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REFERENCES303Wool 57Works of art 83
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