wise use of mires and peatlands - Peatland Ecology Research Group
wise use of mires and peatlands - Peatland Ecology Research Group
wise use of mires and peatlands - Peatland Ecology Research Group
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VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERENT VALUES MEET105Right toSubsistenceLibertyAutonomyValid claim• not to be violently harmed• to the physical needs <strong>of</strong>survival: food, water, shelter,clothing, basic health care• to protection from those whomight do physical harm• to freedom from positive externalconstraints upon the pursuit <strong>of</strong>permissible 1 wants• to protection against deprivation<strong>of</strong> this freedom• to a self-directed life accordingto one’s own value system(moral position) 2Duty <strong>of</strong> others• not to violently harm• not to actively deprive others <strong>of</strong>these needs• not to expose others tounacceptable risks• to protect against such harm• to provide these needs• not to restrict this freedom• to secure this freedom• not to impair (the development <strong>of</strong>)self-determination• to help the development,strengthening, <strong>and</strong> preservation<strong>of</strong> this autonomyVeto duties are stronger than prescription duties veto duty prescription dutyTable 4/3: Overview <strong>of</strong> the most important human rights <strong>and</strong> duties 1 .As a help in resolving conflicts between therights <strong>of</strong> different persons or different groups,John Rawls has formulated a set <strong>of</strong> principles<strong>and</strong> priority rules 46 :The principle <strong>of</strong> liberty: Each person has anequal right to the most extensive system <strong>of</strong>equal basic liberties 47 compatible with asimilar system <strong>of</strong> liberty for all.The principle <strong>of</strong> just inequality: Social <strong>and</strong>economic inequalities are to be arranged sothat they are both:(a) to the greatest benefit <strong>of</strong> the leastadvantaged 48 , <strong>and</strong>(b) attached to <strong>of</strong>fices <strong>and</strong> positions open toall under conditions <strong>of</strong> equality <strong>of</strong>opportunity.The priority <strong>of</strong> liberty: Liberty can berestricted only for the sake <strong>of</strong> liberty:(a) a less extensive liberty must strengthenthe total system <strong>of</strong> liberty shared by all;(b) a less than equal liberty must beacceptable to those with lesser liberty.The priority <strong>of</strong> justice over efficiency <strong>and</strong>welfare:(a) an inequality <strong>of</strong> opportunity must enhancethe opportunities <strong>of</strong> those with the lesseropportunity;(b) an excessive rate <strong>of</strong> saving must onbalance mitigate the burden <strong>of</strong> thosebearing this hardship.General conception:All social primary goods - liberty <strong>and</strong>opportunity, income <strong>and</strong> wealth, <strong>and</strong> thebases <strong>of</strong> self-respect - are to be distributedequally unless an unequal distribution <strong>of</strong>any or all <strong>of</strong> these goods is to the advantage<strong>of</strong> the least favoured.
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