wise use of mires and peatlands - Peatland Ecology Research Group

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194 APPENDIX 2To understand the integrated effects ofpeatlands on climate and the consequencesof human impact, it is therefore necessary toconsider both■ the types, volumes, and proportions ofgreenhouse gases exchanged, and■ the carbon stores in peatlands.A2.2 THE ROLE OF PRISTINEMIRESA major characteristic of mires is that theysequester carbon dioxide from theatmosphere and transform it into plantbiomass that is eventually stored as peat.Peat accumulation in mires is the result ofvarious processes (Figure A2/1) including:carbon sequestration by plantphotosynthesis (primary production), directcarbon losses during litter decomposition 10 ,decomposition in the acrotelm, anddecomposition losses in the catotelm. Onlyabout 10 % of the primarily assimilated carbonis sequestered in the peat in the long term.Long-term carbon accumulation rates of theworld’s mires are estimated to be 40 – 70·10 12g C per year 11 . This is approximately 1% ofthe 6,000 ·10 12 g C emitted by global fossilfuel consumption in 1990 12 , or 10 % of the 660·10 12 g C emitted by USA electric utilities in1998 13 .In the long run, mires may in this waywithdraw enormous amounts of carbondioxide from the atmosphere and store it aspeat deposits. At present approximately thesame amount of carbon is stored in the world’speatlands as in the whole atmosphere 14 . Thedecreasing atmospheric concentrations ofcarbon dioxide during interglacials as a resultof peat formation and the consequent steadilyreducing greenhouse effect is seen by somescientists as a major cause for the origin ofice ages 15 .The effect of pristine mires on the globalclimate depends not only on the sequestrationof carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere,but also on the emission of other gases,especially methane (CH 4) and nitrous oxide(N 2O).Methane is the second most importantgreenhouse gas after CO 2and is expected tocontribute 18% of the total expected globalwarming over the next 50 years, as opposedto 50% attributable to CO 2. Furthermoremethane participates in tropospheric ozoneformation 16 . Global methane production isdominated by natural wetlands, rice paddies,and animal livestock (Table A2/1).Wetlands 18 115bogs/tundra (boreal) 35swamps/alluvial 80Rice production 19 100Animals (mainly livestock) 80Biomass burning 55Landfills 40Gas production 40Coal production 35Termites 20Oceans, freshwaters 10Hydrates 5?Total sources 500Table A2/1: Net sources of globalatmospheric emissions of methane (in 10 12 gCH 4year -1 ) 17Methane emissions in mires are highlyvariable, but generally higher in pristine fensthan in pristine bogs (Table A2/2).Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas and alsocauses destruction of stratospheric ozone 27 .Nitrous oxide emissions from pristine miresare very low (Table A2/3). Occasionally, evena consumption of nitrous oxide may take placedue to the reduction of nitrous oxide todinitrogen (N 2) under anoxic conditions.
APPENDIX 2195Region Methane emissionbogsfensGlobally 20 20 101USA, temperate zone 21 7 – 1132 0.8 - 1820 *Sweden 22 11 228Finland 23 20 – 220 135 - 480England 24 10 – 40Germany 25 293Germany (rewetted) 26 81 529 - 980 *Median (lower – upper quartile) 53 (20 – 84) 297 (190 – 480)Table A2/2: Methane emissions (in 10 3 g C ha -1 year -1 ) from pristine and rewetted miresRegion Nitrous oxide emissionbogsfensFinland 28 0.04 0.04Sweden, Finland 29 0.0 to 0.2USA, temperate zone (flooded) 30 0.1 - 0.5Germany 31 0.6 - 1.2Germany (flooded) 32 - 0.7 to - 0.2Median 0.04 0.10Table A2/3: Nitrous oxide emissions (in kg N ha -1 year -1 ) from pristine or rewetted miresBecause all gases have a different lifetime inthe atmosphere and a different “globalwarming potential” (see Table A2/4), thecombined effects of all three gases togetherdepend on the time horizon chosen. On the100 year horizon, for example, Finnishundisturbed mires have a positive radiativeforcing of + 8.40 ± 0.15 ·10 12 g CO 2equivalents(i.e. they increase the greenhouse effect),whereas on the 500 year horizon, the effectbecomes negative with - 0.54 ± 0.15 ·10 12 gCO 2equivalents (i.e. they decrease thegreenhouse effect 33 ). This is due to thechanging impact of CH 4emissions.Chemical Atmospheric Global warming potential (mass basis) (time)species lifetime (years) 20-year horizon 100-year horizon 500- year horizonCO 2variable 1 1 1CH 412 ± 3 56 21 6.5N 2O 120 280 310 170Table A2/4: The atmospheric lifetime and the IPCC (1996) accepted global warmingpotentials over different time horizons of radiatively important gases 34 .
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WISE USEOF MIRES AND PEATLANDS -BAC
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT3CONTENTSGuide to
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT5References .....
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT7Peatlands are na
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT9use of the peatl
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INTRODUCTION19resources. These help
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INTRODUCTION211998 Peatlands Under
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INTRODUCTION23●●●●●●●
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS252.2 PEAT FORMA
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS27Table 2/1: Eco
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS29Figure 2/3: Hy
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS31peat formation
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS33Outside the tr
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS35decay in the c
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS37formed peat an
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS39
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS41differs in thi
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS43Sieffermann et
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VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
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VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERE
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE121This consi
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE123Some examp
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE1253. There i
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE1278. The pri
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE129(2) Intern
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE131National p
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE133(8) Educat
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE135the manage
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE137Does the e
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE139well-being
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE141This summa
Page 143 and 144: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE143knowledge
Page 145 and 146: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE145Surwold Me
Page 147 and 148: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE147Peatland-l
Page 149 and 150: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE149Marine tra
Page 151 and 152: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE151Bog prepar
Page 153 and 154: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE153Peat-fired
Page 155 and 156: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE155Cattle on
Page 157 and 158: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE157Pristine p
Page 159 and 160: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE159Fire on a
Page 161 and 162: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE16171See §§
Page 163 and 164: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS163Ba
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Page 167 and 168: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS167Fo
Page 169 and 170: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS169In
Page 171 and 172: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS171No
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Page 175 and 176: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS175So
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Page 179 and 180: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS179Lindsay, Richard
Page 181 and 182: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS181International Pe
Page 183 and 184: APPENDICES183APPENDICES
Page 185 and 186: APPENDIX I185Original 2002 2002Coun
Page 187 and 188: APPENDIX I187Philippines 300,000 10
Page 189 and 190: APPENDIX I189Country Total area Pea
Page 191 and 192: APPENDIX I191Country Total area Pea
Page 193: APPENDIX I193The other important as
Page 197 and 198: APPENDIX 2197A2.3 THE ROLE OF PEATL
Page 199 and 200: APPENDIX 21991200010000FensBogskg C
Page 201 and 202: APPENDIX 2201Total C in 10 9 gUndis
Page 203 and 204: APPENDIX 2203source of carbon dioxi
Page 205 and 206: APPENDIX 4205APPENDIX 4PATTERNS OF
Page 207 and 208: APPENDIX 4207license from the relev
Page 209 and 210: APPENDIX 52093. Quality of decision
Page 211 and 212: APPENDIX 6211APPENDIX 6CODE OF COND
Page 213 and 214: APPENDIX 7213APPENDIX 7INTERNATIONA
Page 215 and 216: APPENDICES2151Based on information
Page 217 and 218: REFERENCES217REFERENCESAardema, M.,
Page 219 and 220: REFERENCES219Bedford, B.L., 1999, C
Page 221 and 222: REFERENCES221morning. Hunting and n
Page 223 and 224: REFERENCES223Application of static
Page 225 and 226: REFERENCES225Amsterdam, pp. 35-65.F
Page 227 and 228: REFERENCES227beautiful). Proceeding
Page 229 and 230: REFERENCES229595 p.IPCC, 1995, Clim
Page 231 and 232: REFERENCES231der Sitten (Ed. by Kra
Page 233 and 234: REFERENCES233are you harvested. Rev
Page 235 and 236: REFERENCES235Marschner, H., 1995, M
Page 237 and 238: REFERENCES237wet relationship. Tran
Page 239 and 240: REFERENCES239Växtsociologiska Säl
Page 241 and 242: REFERENCES241Peatland, Sarawak, Mal
Page 243 and 244: REFERENCES243Schäfer, A., and Dege
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REFERENCES245Sirin, A.A., Minaeva T
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REFERENCES247Princeton University P
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REFERENCES249Kluwer Academic Publis
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REFERENCES251Event, p. 222.Whinam,
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INDEX253INDEXAAapa mire 30, 42, 81,
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INDEX255Arrhenius Svante 99Art/arti
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INDEX257Black peat 41, 54, 56, 58,
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INDEX259Carex canescens 27Carex ces
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INDEX261Cloud condensation nuclei 7
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INDEX263Cross purposes 103Cross-cou
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INDEX265Dutch Foundation for the Co
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INDEX267Eurasia 60, 75, 196Europe 3
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INDEX269Freedom from arbitrary arre
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INDEX271Growing media 51-53, 136, 1
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INDEX273Hydrologic characteristics
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INDEX275ISO 14001 136Isotope 169Iso
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INDEX277Lathyrus palustris 27Latk F
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INDEX279Management Guidelines 19, 2
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REFERENCES281Modifiers 120, 127-128
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REFERENCES283New Caledonia 191New Z
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REFERENCES285PPacific North West 71
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REFERENCES287Photochemically active
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REFERENCES289Product diversificatio
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REFERENCES291Research 100Research n
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REFERENCES293Scotland 58, 59, 98Sco
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REFERENCES295Song of the Peatbog So
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REFERENCES297Suspended solids 56, 8
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REFERENCES299Triglochin palustre 27
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REFERENCES301Verlandungsmoore 26Ver
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REFERENCES303Wool 57Works of art 83
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