wise use of mires and peatlands - Peatland Ecology Research Group

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64 VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PEATLANDSPhysico-chemical properties: The physicaland chemical properties of soils are mostimportant in the surface layer of the peatland(to a depth of 0.3 metres) where the majorityof roots of cultivated plants are found. Theseproperties depend on:● peat type,● degree of peat decomposition,● ash content,● peat reaction (pH),● peat fertility (nutrient content),● industrial contamination of the soil.The first three factors determine the physicaland water properties, the remaining factorscontrol the conditions of plant growth andthe quality of the yield.Relatively favourable conditions foragricultural production are present in fenswith a low or medium ash content and a smallor medium degree of decomposition. Neutraland slightly acid reaction (pH 5.5-7.0), highersoil fertility and absence of industrialcontamination (heavy metals, persistentorganic pollutants) are commonly regardedas beneficial for agricultural production.Sediments under the peat may containsignificant amounts of sulphur (East England,Indonesia), or carbonates (Hungary, Poland).In shallow organic soils the reduction in thedepth of the organic layer by mineralisation(see § 2.6[ii]) results in the rapid deteriorationof plant growth conditions as the roots ofcultivated plants do not usually penetrate tothe very acid or alkaline soil layers.●Europe: Approximately 14% of Europeanpeatlands are currently used foragriculture. Large areas of peatlands usedfor agriculture are found in Russia ,Germany, Belarus, Poland and Ukraine(Table 3/11). In Hungary (98%), Greece(90%), the Netherlands and Germany (85%),Denmark, Poland and Switzerland (70%) themajority of peatlands are used foragricultural purposes. In these countriesthe high population density required that●wetlands be used for food production.Proportional to the total area of peatlands,the use of peatlands for agriculture is smallin Fennoscandia, the Baltic countries,Russia and the British Isles. The greatmajority of peatlands used for agriculturein Europe consist of meadows andpastures. The area of agricultural peatlandshas decreased steadily in recent years foreconomic reasons and due to increasingnature protection.Tropical agriculture 113 : While the peat innorthern temperate regions is formedlargely from grasses, sedges and mosses,tropical peat generally consists of a rangeof organic debris including trunks, branchesand roots of trees.Indigenous peoples have had longexperience in the reclamation and utilisationof peatlands for agriculture, particularly inthe cultivation of horticultural crops. Inareas which remain under tropicalinundation beneficial products can beextracted from sago and other palms.Approximately 313,600 hectares, or 32% ofthe peat areas in Peninsular Malaysia, arebeing utilised for agriculture, largely forestate crops 114 . In Indonesia large areas ofpeatlands have been cleared foragriculture-based transmigrationsettlement and for the expansion of estatecrops.Lowland peat soils can be productive forwetland rice 115 . Good levels of productivitycan be achieved with horticultural cropswith intensive management. On smallholdings (which in Indonesia, for example,vary from 0.6 to 2 hectares), an integratedsystem of animal husbandry (pigs, cattle,poultry) and horticultural crops canprovide subsistence. Sago palms grownaturally on peat and are simple to cultivateand need little maintenance 116 . Sarawak isnow the world’s largest exporter of sago
VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PEATLANDS65Country (References) Total Peatland area currently usedpeatland area for agriculturekm 2 (km 2 ) %Belarus – (Bambalov) 23 967 9631 40Czech Rep.+ Slovakia (Lappalainen) 314 ca 100 ca 30Denmark (Aaby) 1420 ca 1 000 ca 70Estonia ( Orru) 10 091 ca 1 300 13France ( Lappalainen) ca 1 100 ca 660 ca 60Finland (Vasander 1996) 94 000 ca 2 000 2Germany (Steffens) 14 200 ca 12 000 85Great Britain (Burton) 17 549 720 4Greece (Christianis) 986 ca 900 ca 90Hungary (Toth1983) 1000 975 98Iceland (Virtanen) 10 000 ca 1 300 13Ireland (Shier) 11 757 896 8Latvia (Snore) 6691 ca 1 000 15Lithuania (Tamosaitis et al) 4826 1900 39Netherlands (Joosten 1994) 2350 2000 85Norway (Johansen) 23 700 1905 8Poland (Ilnicki et al.) 10 877 7620 70Russia (Kosov et al.) 568000 70400 12Spain (Lappalainen) 383 23 6Sweden (Fredriksson) 66 680 3 000 5Switzerland (Küttel) 224 ca 160 ca 70Ukraine (Żurek) 10 081 ca 5 000 ca 50Total 880196 124490 14Table 3/11 Peatland used for agriculture in some European countries. 112(largely cultivated on mineral soils),exporting annually about 25,000 to 40,000tonnes of sago products to PeninsularMalaysia, Japan, Taiwan, Singapore andother countries 117 . Palm oil trees, whichhave a shallow root system and need ahigher soil nutrient level than sago 118 , aresuccessfully cultivated 119 . Otheragricultural activities which can be carriedout include buffalo farming and thegrowing of native species of fruit trees,pineapple, rubber, coconut, coffee andspices.The greater part of Southeast Asian coastalpeats have marginal physical properties forplant growth and, without carefulmanagement, crop yields are on average low.●North America: Extensive areas ofpeatlands in North America are cultivatedfor agriculture. In Canada it is estimatedthat 40 000 hectares of peatland are under
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WISE USEOF MIRES AND PEATLANDS -BAC
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT3CONTENTSGuide to
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT5References .....
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT7Peatlands are na
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT9use of the peatl
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GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT11a
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Page 19 and 20: INTRODUCTION19resources. These help
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Page 25 and 26: MIRES AND PEATLANDS252.2 PEAT FORMA
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VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERE
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE121This consi
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE123Some examp
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE1253. There i
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE1278. The pri
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE129(2) Intern
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE131National p
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE133(8) Educat
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE135the manage
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE137Does the e
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE139well-being
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE141This summa
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE143knowledge
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE145Surwold Me
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE147Peatland-l
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE149Marine tra
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE151Bog prepar
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE153Peat-fired
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE155Cattle on
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE157Pristine p
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE159Fire on a
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE16171See §§
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS163Ba
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS165De
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS167Fo
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS169In
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS171No
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS173Pi
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS175So
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS177Vo
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS179Lindsay, Richard
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS181International Pe
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APPENDICES183APPENDICES
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APPENDIX I185Original 2002 2002Coun
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APPENDIX I187Philippines 300,000 10
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APPENDIX I189Country Total area Pea
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APPENDIX I191Country Total area Pea
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APPENDIX I193The other important as
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APPENDIX 2195Region Methane emissio
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APPENDIX 2197A2.3 THE ROLE OF PEATL
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APPENDIX 21991200010000FensBogskg C
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APPENDIX 2201Total C in 10 9 gUndis
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APPENDIX 2203source of carbon dioxi
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APPENDIX 4205APPENDIX 4PATTERNS OF
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APPENDIX 4207license from the relev
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APPENDIX 52093. Quality of decision
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APPENDIX 6211APPENDIX 6CODE OF COND
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APPENDIX 7213APPENDIX 7INTERNATIONA
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APPENDICES2151Based on information
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REFERENCES217REFERENCESAardema, M.,
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REFERENCES219Bedford, B.L., 1999, C
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REFERENCES221morning. Hunting and n
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REFERENCES223Application of static
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REFERENCES225Amsterdam, pp. 35-65.F
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REFERENCES227beautiful). Proceeding
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REFERENCES229595 p.IPCC, 1995, Clim
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REFERENCES231der Sitten (Ed. by Kra
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REFERENCES233are you harvested. Rev
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REFERENCES235Marschner, H., 1995, M
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REFERENCES237wet relationship. Tran
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REFERENCES239Växtsociologiska Säl
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REFERENCES241Peatland, Sarawak, Mal
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REFERENCES243Schäfer, A., and Dege
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REFERENCES245Sirin, A.A., Minaeva T
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REFERENCES247Princeton University P
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REFERENCES249Kluwer Academic Publis
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REFERENCES251Event, p. 222.Whinam,
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INDEX253INDEXAAapa mire 30, 42, 81,
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INDEX255Arrhenius Svante 99Art/arti
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INDEX257Black peat 41, 54, 56, 58,
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INDEX259Carex canescens 27Carex ces
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INDEX261Cloud condensation nuclei 7
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INDEX263Cross purposes 103Cross-cou
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INDEX265Dutch Foundation for the Co
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INDEX267Eurasia 60, 75, 196Europe 3
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INDEX269Freedom from arbitrary arre
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INDEX271Growing media 51-53, 136, 1
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INDEX273Hydrologic characteristics
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INDEX275ISO 14001 136Isotope 169Iso
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INDEX277Lathyrus palustris 27Latk F
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INDEX279Management Guidelines 19, 2
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REFERENCES281Modifiers 120, 127-128
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REFERENCES283New Caledonia 191New Z
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REFERENCES285PPacific North West 71
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REFERENCES287Photochemically active
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REFERENCES289Product diversificatio
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REFERENCES291Research 100Research n
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REFERENCES293Scotland 58, 59, 98Sco
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REFERENCES295Song of the Peatbog So
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REFERENCES297Suspended solids 56, 8
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REFERENCES299Triglochin palustre 27
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REFERENCES301Verlandungsmoore 26Ver
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REFERENCES303Wool 57Works of art 83
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