wise use of mires and peatlands - Peatland Ecology Research Group

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22 INTRODUCTION– judgements can be made on whetherparticular peatland-based services orproducts have been produced or derivedin accordance with accepted principles.Not all countries will already have in placethe full legal and administrative infrastructureassumed in the document. In countries wherethe full infrastructure does not already existit cannot be put in place at once. It would bepossible, however, to aspire to it over a periodof time.1.6 CONCEPT AND CONTENTOF THE DOCUMENTThere are no rules or doctrines which areaccepted by all human beings. Livingconditions, preferences, feelings, andconvictions differ strongly between differentinterest groups, different cultures andcountries, and in different time periods.Universally, human beings share only a fewattributes. These include● absolute needs (see §4.2.),● a hereditary tendency to develop specificpreferences (see §3.3), and● an ability to approach choices rationally.This Wise Use document is based on rationalargument and is built on widely acceptedpremises. These premises includeinternational Conventions and agreed UnitedNations statements and resolutions. It isnecessary to set out first the philosophical,ethical and factual bases from which aframework for Wise Use may be derived.Chapters 2 and 3 provide factual informationon the nature, origin, extent, and functionalbenefits of mires and peatlands. Chapter 3, inaddition, describes the values which informhuman preferences. Chapter 4 looks atconflicts, their causes, and approaches tosolutions. Chapter 5 sets out a framework,based on widely accepted premises, withinwhich the practice of Wise Use of mires andpeatlands can be established.This document provides● background information on the extent,types, functions and uses of mires andpeatlands,● an underlying rationale for Wise Use, and● a proposed framework for the Wise Use ofmires and peatlands.The Appendices contain examples of modelcodes of conduct which can be derived fromthe framework1.7 TARGET ORGANISATIONSThis document is addressed to anyone whohas to take decisions regarding appropriateuses of peatlands. It is intended to be ofassistance to decision-makers inInternational Trade and EnvironmentOrganisations, Conventions, andCommissions;Governments and their regulatory bodies,for example, Ministries of Forestry andAgriculture, Environment agencies;State and voluntary bodies charged withthe conservation of peatlands and mires;Development assistance agencies;Economic entities which derive commercialincome from peatlands and mires, includingthose using peatlands for agriculture,forestry, and extraction.Environmental management divisions ofprivate companies whose activities mayinfluence, and be influenced by, the stateof peatlands;Scientists who work for companies or inthe development of forestry or agricultureon peatlands;Environment groups, Non-governmentalOrganisations (NGOs);Scientific and educational institutions.■■■■■■■■■The following networks and organisationswould have a specific interest in the document:● IUCN Commission on EcosystemManagement (IUCN/CEM);● Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and itsContracting Parties;
INTRODUCTION23●●●●●●●International Mire Conservation Group(IMCG);Wetlands International (WI);International Peat Society (IPS);International Association of Ecology(INTECOL);Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS);Global Environment Network;Institute for Wetland Policy and Research(USA).1Here and elsewhere in the document, the word“exploitation” is used in the sense of derivingbenefit from, without any pejorative intent.2The words ‘use ’ and ‘utilisation’ are employed inthis document to mean any type of use includingconservation (or non-use).3IUCN 1999.4Moen 1995a.5IPS 1995 p 49.6Rieley & Page 1997.7Rubec 1996a, Lindsay 1996.8Ramsar 1996.9Safford & Maltby 199810Maltby & MacClean 1999.11Ramsar 1999.12IMCG Newsletter 6 (Nov. 1999): 8-9(www.imcg.net).13Forestry Stewardship Council 2000, InternationalEnergy Agency 2000.14Ramsar 2001. http://www.ramsar.org/cop8_dr_17_e.htm15Including factual uncertainties.
Page 1 and 2: WISE USEOF MIRES AND PEATLANDS -BAC
Page 3 and 4: IMCG/IPS STATEMENT3CONTENTSGuide to
Page 5 and 6: IMCG/IPS STATEMENT5References .....
Page 7 and 8: IMCG/IPS STATEMENT7Peatlands are na
Page 9 and 10: IMCG/IPS STATEMENT9use of the peatl
Page 11 and 12: GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT11a
Page 13 and 14: GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT13A
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Page 19 and 20: INTRODUCTION19resources. These help
Page 21: INTRODUCTION211998 Peatlands Under
Page 25 and 26: MIRES AND PEATLANDS252.2 PEAT FORMA
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Page 45 and 46: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
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VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
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VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERE
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE121This consi
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE123Some examp
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE1253. There i
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE1278. The pri
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE129(2) Intern
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE131National p
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE133(8) Educat
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE135the manage
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE137Does the e
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE139well-being
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE141This summa
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE143knowledge
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE145Surwold Me
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE147Peatland-l
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE149Marine tra
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE151Bog prepar
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE153Peat-fired
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE155Cattle on
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE157Pristine p
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE159Fire on a
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE16171See §§
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS163Ba
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS165De
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS167Fo
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS169In
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS171No
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS173Pi
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS175So
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS177Vo
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS179Lindsay, Richard
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS181International Pe
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APPENDICES183APPENDICES
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APPENDIX I185Original 2002 2002Coun
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APPENDIX I187Philippines 300,000 10
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APPENDIX I189Country Total area Pea
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APPENDIX I191Country Total area Pea
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APPENDIX I193The other important as
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APPENDIX 2195Region Methane emissio
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APPENDIX 2197A2.3 THE ROLE OF PEATL
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APPENDIX 21991200010000FensBogskg C
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APPENDIX 2201Total C in 10 9 gUndis
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APPENDIX 2203source of carbon dioxi
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APPENDIX 4205APPENDIX 4PATTERNS OF
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APPENDIX 4207license from the relev
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APPENDIX 52093. Quality of decision
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APPENDIX 6211APPENDIX 6CODE OF COND
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APPENDIX 7213APPENDIX 7INTERNATIONA
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APPENDICES2151Based on information
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REFERENCES217REFERENCESAardema, M.,
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REFERENCES219Bedford, B.L., 1999, C
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REFERENCES221morning. Hunting and n
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REFERENCES223Application of static
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REFERENCES225Amsterdam, pp. 35-65.F
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REFERENCES227beautiful). Proceeding
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REFERENCES229595 p.IPCC, 1995, Clim
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REFERENCES231der Sitten (Ed. by Kra
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REFERENCES233are you harvested. Rev
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REFERENCES235Marschner, H., 1995, M
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REFERENCES237wet relationship. Tran
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REFERENCES239Växtsociologiska Säl
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REFERENCES241Peatland, Sarawak, Mal
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REFERENCES243Schäfer, A., and Dege
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REFERENCES245Sirin, A.A., Minaeva T
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REFERENCES247Princeton University P
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REFERENCES249Kluwer Academic Publis
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REFERENCES251Event, p. 222.Whinam,
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INDEX253INDEXAAapa mire 30, 42, 81,
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INDEX255Arrhenius Svante 99Art/arti
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INDEX257Black peat 41, 54, 56, 58,
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INDEX259Carex canescens 27Carex ces
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INDEX261Cloud condensation nuclei 7
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INDEX263Cross purposes 103Cross-cou
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INDEX265Dutch Foundation for the Co
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INDEX267Eurasia 60, 75, 196Europe 3
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INDEX269Freedom from arbitrary arre
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INDEX271Growing media 51-53, 136, 1
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INDEX273Hydrologic characteristics
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INDEX275ISO 14001 136Isotope 169Iso
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INDEX277Lathyrus palustris 27Latk F
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INDEX279Management Guidelines 19, 2
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REFERENCES281Modifiers 120, 127-128
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REFERENCES283New Caledonia 191New Z
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REFERENCES285PPacific North West 71
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REFERENCES287Photochemically active
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REFERENCES289Product diversificatio
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REFERENCES291Research 100Research n
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REFERENCES293Scotland 58, 59, 98Sco
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REFERENCES295Song of the Peatbog So
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REFERENCES297Suspended solids 56, 8
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REFERENCES299Triglochin palustre 27
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REFERENCES301Verlandungsmoore 26Ver
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REFERENCES303Wool 57Works of art 83
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