26 MIRES AND PEATLANDSAll water on l<strong>and</strong> ultimately originates fromrain <strong>and</strong> other forms <strong>of</strong> atmosphericprecipitation. Precipitation water is poor innutrients <strong>and</strong> somewhat acid. In contact withthe geosphere, the quality <strong>of</strong> the waterchanges. Depending on the chemicalproperties <strong>of</strong> the catchment area (determinedby climate, bedrock, soil, vegetation, <strong>and</strong> l<strong>and</strong><strong>use</strong>) <strong>and</strong> the residence time <strong>of</strong> the water(determined by the extent, bedrock, <strong>and</strong> relief<strong>of</strong> the catchment), the electrolyte <strong>and</strong> O 2concentrations, nutrient richness, pH, <strong>and</strong>temperature <strong>of</strong> the water change. Theresulting differences in water quality lead tomire habitats with differences in nutrientavailability (trophic conditions), basesaturation (acidity), <strong>and</strong> characteristic plantspecies. These differences form the basis <strong>of</strong>the ecological mire types (cf. Table 2/1).Most mire <strong>and</strong> peatl<strong>and</strong> typologies are basedon water conditions, reflecting the central role<strong>of</strong> water in peat formation. A distinction ismade between “terrestrialisation”, whenpeat develops in open water, <strong>and</strong>“paludification”, when peat accumulationstarts directly over a paludifying mineralsoil 31 . This distinction has been furtherdeveloped into a system <strong>of</strong> seven basichydrogenetic mire types, which is based onthe processes underlying peat formation 32 .Hydrogenetic mire types: Water levelfluctuations <strong>and</strong> water flow play an importantrole in peat <strong>and</strong> mire formation. Water levelfluctuations influence, through redoxprocesses,the turn-over rate <strong>and</strong> solubility<strong>of</strong> chemical substances (nutrients, poisonoussubstances), <strong>and</strong> in that way the vegetation<strong>and</strong> eventually the composition <strong>of</strong> thedeposited peats. Water level fluctuationsfurthermore condition the rates <strong>of</strong> oxidativedecomposition, that lead to a change fromcoarse into fine plant particles <strong>and</strong> to adecrease in the porosity <strong>of</strong> the peat.Consequently as the hydraulic propertieschange the peats become less permeable towater (which decreases water flow) <strong>and</strong> theycan store less water (which increases thewater level fluctuations, Figure 2/2). Beca<strong>use</strong><strong>of</strong> the strong relationship between water,vegetation <strong>and</strong> peat, hydrologiccharacteristics constitute one <strong>of</strong> theappropriate bases for classifying <strong>mires</strong>.Hydrogenetic mire types are defined by therole <strong>of</strong> water in peat formation <strong>and</strong> by the role<strong>of</strong> the mire in l<strong>and</strong>scape hydrology. Thefollowing hydrogenetic mire types aredistinguished:Terrestrialisation <strong>mires</strong> (Verl<strong>and</strong>ungsmoore),formed by peat formation in ‘open’ water, canbe divided into schwingmoor <strong>mires</strong> (floatingmats, e.g. Papyrus swamp isl<strong>and</strong>s) <strong>and</strong>immersion <strong>mires</strong> in which peat accumulatesunderwater on the bottom after the water bodyhas become shallow enough to allow peatproducing plants to settle (e.g. manyPhragmites st<strong>and</strong>s). The accumulation <strong>of</strong>terrestrialisation peat ends when the water iscompletely filled with peat.Water rise <strong>mires</strong> (Versumpfungsmoore)result when the water level rises over a driersurface so slowly that no open water (lake,pool) is formed. A rise in the groundwaterlevel may be ca<strong>use</strong>d by an increase in watersupply (by changes in climate or l<strong>and</strong> <strong>use</strong>) ora decrease in run-<strong>of</strong>f (by sea level rise, beaverdams, the origin <strong>of</strong> water stagnating layers inthe soil, etc.).Flood <strong>mires</strong> (Überflutungsmoore) are locatedin areas that are periodically flooded by rivers,lakes or seas. Flood <strong>mires</strong> with a substantialpeat thickness only occur under conditions<strong>of</strong> rising water levels (rising sea water level,rising river beds, etc.). As such they arerelated to water rise <strong>mires</strong>. The difference isthe mechanical action <strong>of</strong> periodic lateral waterflow <strong>and</strong> associated sedimentation <strong>of</strong>allogenic clastic materials such as s<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong>clay.
MIRES AND PEATLANDS27Table 2/1: Ecological mire types in Northern Germany <strong>and</strong> their characteristic plant species (after Succow 1988). Thistable is included as an example.speciesecological mire typeLedum palustre, Vaccinium myrtillus, V. uliginosum, Calluna vulgaris,Empetrum nigrum, Erica tetralix, Melampyrum pratense ssp. paludosumCalla palustris, Juncus bulbosus, J. filiformis, Ranunculus flammula,Veronica scutellata, Salix aurita, Luzula pilosa, Deschampsia flexuosaScheuchzeria palustris, Andromeda polifolia, Drosera intermedia,Lycopodiella inundata, Rhynchospora alba, Eriophorum vaginatumDactylorhiza majalis ssp. Brevifolia, D. incarnata, Liparis loeselii, Carexappropinquata, C. di<strong>and</strong>ra, C. dioica, Juncus acutiflorusMenyanthes trifoliata, Carex lasiocarpa, C. echinata, C. nigra, C.canescens, Dryopteris cristata, Eriophorum angustifolium, Juncusacutiflorus, Calamagrostis stricta, Potentilla palustris, Viola palustrisDrosera rotundifolia, Pinus sylvestrisTetragonolobus maritimus, Schoenus ferrugineus, Primula farinosa,Dactylorhiza majalis, Cladium mariscus, Utricularia vulgaris, Pinguiculavulgaris, Parnassia palustris, Eriophorum latifolium, Juncus alpinus,Ophrys insectifera, Gymnadenia conopsea, Polygonum bistortaPolygala amara, Betula humilis, Carex buxbaumii, C. flacca, C. hostiana,C. pulicaris, Laserpitium prutenicum, Juncus subnodulosus, Dianthussuperbus, Epipactis palustris, Serratula tinctoria, Briza media, Linumcatharticum, Selinum carvifolia, Succisa pratensis, Salix repensHammarbya paludosa, Carex limosa, Drosera longifoliaCarex panicea, Galium uliginosum, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Potentilla erecta,Cardamine pratensis, Cirsium palustre, Rumex acetosaMolinia caeruleaCircaea x intermedia, Senecio paludosus, Cicuta virosa, Carex cespitosa,C. gracilis, C. paniculata, C. vesicaria, Hottonia palustris, Lathyruspalustris, Oenanthe fistulosa, Teucrium scordium, Thalictrum flavum,Lemna minor, Phalaris arundinacea, Typha angustifoliaAlnus glutinosa, Calamagrostis canescens, Juncus effususRanunculus lingua, Stellaria glauca, Carex disticha, C. acutiformis,Typha latifolia, Caltha palustris, Iris pseudacorus, Myosotis palustris,Ranunculus lingua, Rumex hydrolapathum, Sium latifoliumLysimacia thyrsiflora, Thelypteris palustris, Equisetum fluviatile, Salixcinerea, Agrostis stolonifera, Cardamine palustris, Lycopus europeus,Lythrum salicaria, Mentha aquatica, Peucedanum palustreCarex elataBlysmus rufus, Oenanthe lachenali, Plantago maritima, Ruppia maritima,Samolus valer<strong>and</strong>i, Triglochin maritimum, Aster tripolium, Centauriumlittorale, Eleocharis uniglumis, Festuca rubra ssp. littoralis, Juncusgerardii, Salicornia europaea, Bolboschoenus maritimusEleocharis quinqueflora, Triglochin palustre, Carex viridula,Schoenoplectus tabernaemontaniPedicularis palustris, Valeriana dioica, Juncus articulatusPhragmites australisoligotrophicacidmesotrophicacidspecies restricted to one ecological mire typeecological amplitude <strong>of</strong> the species comprises two ecological mire typesecological amplitude <strong>of</strong> the species comprises three ecological mire typesecological amplitude <strong>of</strong> the species comprises four ecological mire typesmesotrophicsubneutralmesotrophiccalcareo<strong>use</strong>utrophicsaltinfluenceTable 2/1: Ecological mire types in Northern Germany <strong>and</strong> their characteristic plant species(after Succow 1988). This table is included as an example.
- Page 1 and 2: WISE USEOF MIRES AND PEATLANDS -BAC
- Page 3 and 4: IMCG/IPS STATEMENT3CONTENTSGuide to
- Page 5 and 6: IMCG/IPS STATEMENT5References .....
- Page 7 and 8: IMCG/IPS STATEMENT7Peatlands are na
- Page 9 and 10: IMCG/IPS STATEMENT9use of the peatl
- Page 11 and 12: GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT11a
- Page 13 and 14: GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT13A
- Page 15 and 16: GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT15b
- Page 17 and 18: GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT17c
- Page 19 and 20: INTRODUCTION19resources. These help
- Page 21 and 22: INTRODUCTION211998 Peatlands Under
- Page 23 and 24: INTRODUCTION23●●●●●●●
- Page 25: MIRES AND PEATLANDS252.2 PEAT FORMA
- Page 29 and 30: MIRES AND PEATLANDS29Figure 2/3: Hy
- Page 31 and 32: MIRES AND PEATLANDS31peat formation
- Page 33 and 34: MIRES AND PEATLANDS33Outside the tr
- Page 35 and 36: MIRES AND PEATLANDS35decay in the c
- Page 37 and 38: MIRES AND PEATLANDS37formed peat an
- Page 39 and 40: MIRES AND PEATLANDS39
- Page 41 and 42: MIRES AND PEATLANDS41differs in thi
- Page 43 and 44: MIRES AND PEATLANDS43Sieffermann et
- Page 45 and 46: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 47 and 48: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 49 and 50: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 51 and 52: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 53 and 54: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 55 and 56: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 57 and 58: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 59 and 60: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 61 and 62: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 63 and 64: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 65 and 66: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 67 and 68: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 69 and 70: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 71 and 72: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 73 and 74: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 75 and 76: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 77 and 78:
VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 79 and 80:
VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 81 and 82:
VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 83 and 84:
VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 85 and 86:
VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 87 and 88:
VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 89 and 90:
VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 91 and 92:
VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 93 and 94:
VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 95 and 96:
VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 97 and 98:
VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 99 and 100:
VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
- Page 101 and 102:
VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERE
- Page 103 and 104:
VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERE
- Page 105 and 106:
VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERE
- Page 107 and 108:
VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERE
- Page 109 and 110:
VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERE
- Page 111 and 112:
VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERE
- Page 113 and 114:
VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERE
- Page 115 and 116:
VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERE
- Page 117 and 118:
VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERE
- Page 119 and 120:
VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERE
- Page 121 and 122:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE121This consi
- Page 123 and 124:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE123Some examp
- Page 125 and 126:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE1253. There i
- Page 127 and 128:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE1278. The pri
- Page 129 and 130:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE129(2) Intern
- Page 131 and 132:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE131National p
- Page 133 and 134:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE133(8) Educat
- Page 135 and 136:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE135the manage
- Page 137 and 138:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE137Does the e
- Page 139 and 140:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE139well-being
- Page 141 and 142:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE141This summa
- Page 143 and 144:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE143knowledge
- Page 145 and 146:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE145Surwold Me
- Page 147 and 148:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE147Peatland-l
- Page 149 and 150:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE149Marine tra
- Page 151 and 152:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE151Bog prepar
- Page 153 and 154:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE153Peat-fired
- Page 155 and 156:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE155Cattle on
- Page 157 and 158:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE157Pristine p
- Page 159 and 160:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE159Fire on a
- Page 161 and 162:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE16171See §§
- Page 163 and 164:
GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS163Ba
- Page 165 and 166:
GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS165De
- Page 167 and 168:
GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS167Fo
- Page 169 and 170:
GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS169In
- Page 171 and 172:
GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS171No
- Page 173 and 174:
GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS173Pi
- Page 175 and 176:
GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS175So
- Page 177 and 178:
GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS177Vo
- Page 179 and 180:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS179Lindsay, Richard
- Page 181 and 182:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS181International Pe
- Page 183 and 184:
APPENDICES183APPENDICES
- Page 185 and 186:
APPENDIX I185Original 2002 2002Coun
- Page 187 and 188:
APPENDIX I187Philippines 300,000 10
- Page 189 and 190:
APPENDIX I189Country Total area Pea
- Page 191 and 192:
APPENDIX I191Country Total area Pea
- Page 193 and 194:
APPENDIX I193The other important as
- Page 195 and 196:
APPENDIX 2195Region Methane emissio
- Page 197 and 198:
APPENDIX 2197A2.3 THE ROLE OF PEATL
- Page 199 and 200:
APPENDIX 21991200010000FensBogskg C
- Page 201 and 202:
APPENDIX 2201Total C in 10 9 gUndis
- Page 203 and 204:
APPENDIX 2203source of carbon dioxi
- Page 205 and 206:
APPENDIX 4205APPENDIX 4PATTERNS OF
- Page 207 and 208:
APPENDIX 4207license from the relev
- Page 209 and 210:
APPENDIX 52093. Quality of decision
- Page 211 and 212:
APPENDIX 6211APPENDIX 6CODE OF COND
- Page 213 and 214:
APPENDIX 7213APPENDIX 7INTERNATIONA
- Page 215 and 216:
APPENDICES2151Based on information
- Page 217 and 218:
REFERENCES217REFERENCESAardema, M.,
- Page 219 and 220:
REFERENCES219Bedford, B.L., 1999, C
- Page 221 and 222:
REFERENCES221morning. Hunting and n
- Page 223 and 224:
REFERENCES223Application of static
- Page 225 and 226:
REFERENCES225Amsterdam, pp. 35-65.F
- Page 227 and 228:
REFERENCES227beautiful). Proceeding
- Page 229 and 230:
REFERENCES229595 p.IPCC, 1995, Clim
- Page 231 and 232:
REFERENCES231der Sitten (Ed. by Kra
- Page 233 and 234:
REFERENCES233are you harvested. Rev
- Page 235 and 236:
REFERENCES235Marschner, H., 1995, M
- Page 237 and 238:
REFERENCES237wet relationship. Tran
- Page 239 and 240:
REFERENCES239Växtsociologiska Säl
- Page 241 and 242:
REFERENCES241Peatland, Sarawak, Mal
- Page 243 and 244:
REFERENCES243Schäfer, A., and Dege
- Page 245 and 246:
REFERENCES245Sirin, A.A., Minaeva T
- Page 247 and 248:
REFERENCES247Princeton University P
- Page 249 and 250:
REFERENCES249Kluwer Academic Publis
- Page 251 and 252:
REFERENCES251Event, p. 222.Whinam,
- Page 253 and 254:
INDEX253INDEXAAapa mire 30, 42, 81,
- Page 255 and 256:
INDEX255Arrhenius Svante 99Art/arti
- Page 257 and 258:
INDEX257Black peat 41, 54, 56, 58,
- Page 259 and 260:
INDEX259Carex canescens 27Carex ces
- Page 261 and 262:
INDEX261Cloud condensation nuclei 7
- Page 263 and 264:
INDEX263Cross purposes 103Cross-cou
- Page 265 and 266:
INDEX265Dutch Foundation for the Co
- Page 267 and 268:
INDEX267Eurasia 60, 75, 196Europe 3
- Page 269 and 270:
INDEX269Freedom from arbitrary arre
- Page 271 and 272:
INDEX271Growing media 51-53, 136, 1
- Page 273 and 274:
INDEX273Hydrologic characteristics
- Page 275 and 276:
INDEX275ISO 14001 136Isotope 169Iso
- Page 277 and 278:
INDEX277Lathyrus palustris 27Latk F
- Page 279 and 280:
INDEX279Management Guidelines 19, 2
- Page 281 and 282:
REFERENCES281Modifiers 120, 127-128
- Page 283 and 284:
REFERENCES283New Caledonia 191New Z
- Page 285 and 286:
REFERENCES285PPacific North West 71
- Page 287 and 288:
REFERENCES287Photochemically active
- Page 289 and 290:
REFERENCES289Product diversificatio
- Page 291 and 292:
REFERENCES291Research 100Research n
- Page 293 and 294:
REFERENCES293Scotland 58, 59, 98Sco
- Page 295 and 296:
REFERENCES295Song of the Peatbog So
- Page 297 and 298:
REFERENCES297Suspended solids 56, 8
- Page 299 and 300:
REFERENCES299Triglochin palustre 27
- Page 301 and 302:
REFERENCES301Verlandungsmoore 26Ver
- Page 303 and 304:
REFERENCES303Wool 57Works of art 83