wise use of mires and peatlands - Peatland Ecology Research Group

More documents

Recommendations

Info

30 MIRES AND PEATLANDSthe same qualities as rain water.Thallasogenous water (sea water) showslarge differences in salt content (e.g. Baltic,North, and Dead Sea).At a regional level, a correlation betweenquantity, quality and origin of water can moreeasily be made. Within a region, plant speciesare bound to certain water characteristicsand, based on their material composition andhydraulic characteristics, to a large extentdetermine the peat formation strategy.Regionally therefore, strong correlationsbetween abiotic conditions, vegetation, andhydrogenetic mire type can be found.Under different bio-geographic conditions,different plant species can form equalhydrogenetic mire types. For instance, in thenorthern hemisphere ombrogenous surfaceflow mires (blanket bogs) are largely built fromPoaceae (grasses) and Cyperaceae (sedges)whereas in New Zealand and Tasmania theyare built from Restionaceae 42 .Percolation mires are normally found asgroundwater-fed mires, because only largecatchment areas can guarantee a large andcontinuous water supply in most climates.The raised mires of the Kolchis area in trans-Caucasian Georgia, however, are Sphagnumdominatedombrogenous percolation mireswhich exist under conditions of over 2000mmrain per year 43 . Also in SE Asia, in areas wherethe climate is extremely even and wet overthe year, forested mires 44 form peats with veryhigh hydraulic conductivity 45 and may alsobelong to this mire type. Ombrogenousterrestrialisation and water rise mires can befound in larger complexes of ombrogenousacrotelm or overflow mires.Table 2/2 gives an overview of combinationsof the peat formation strategy and origin ofwater with examples (as far as they are known).Some types thus far remain unidentified (andremain therefore without examples).As a result of complex interactions ofvegetation, water, and peat (“selforganisation”),mires may develop variousmorphological types, consisting of acharacteristic landform (cross-sectionalprofile, Grossform) combined withcharacteristic configurations ofmicrotopographic surface-elements(Kleinform) 46 .As well as such internal processes, externalmechanisms may also be important in theconfiguration of peatland macro- and microstructures.Frost activity may lead to featuresthat also exist in mineral soils but which, incase of peat-covered areas, give rise tospecific morphologic peatland types.Parallel to polygon formation in mineralsoils 47 , “polygon mires” are formed in areaswith continuous permafrost, especially in theArctic 48 , but also in the east Siberianmountains as far as northern Mongolia 49 . Thedevelopment of the polygon walls restrictswater run-off during the short Arctic summer,which provides enough water for peatformation 50 . Eventually such polygons maydevelop into “high centre polygons” 51 .Parallel to pingo formation in mineral soils 52 ,a local growth of ice nuclei may give rise tothe origin of “palsa” (frost mound) mires and“peat plateau” 53 mires, that often start todevelop because of the insulating capacityof Sphagnum and that “grow” because ofthe hygroscopic effect of ice. As this moundformation leads to changes in localhydrological conditions, such ice core miredevelopment leads to a change and often toan end to peat formation on the mound 54 .In mire types with water flow ice developmentleads to a stronger differentiation between,and a more explicit arrangement of, positiveand negative microrelief elements (hummockand hollows, strings and flarks etc.) 55 , whichresults in the development of “ribbed fens” /“aapa” mires and concentric and eccentricbogs 56 .
MIRES AND PEATLANDS31peat formationstrategylevel water level mires inclining water level miresSchwingmoor immersion water rise flood surface flow acrotelm percolationWater supply Continuous mostly continuous Small periodic frequent frequent continuousMire slope None none None none / small small / large small smallInternal water storage Large mostly large None small / large very small rather large largeEffect on landscape waterstorageombrogenousboggeogenousfensoligenouslithogenousstorage < storage < storage < storage < (>?) storage > storage > storage >Ombrogenousschwingmoor mireSchwingmoor in bogsoligenousschwingmoor mirefloating mat inmoorpoollithogenousschwingmoor mirefloating mat on lakeombrogenousimmersion mireterrestrialisation inbogsoligenousimmersion mireterrestrialisation inmoorpoollithogenousimmersion mirelaketerrestrialisationmireombrogenouswater rise mirewater rise in bogcomplexsoligenous waterrise mireKesselmoorlithogenous waterrise miregroundwater risemireombrogenous floodmireflood mire in bogsoligenous floodmireKessel-standmoorlithogenous floodmireriver floodplain mireombrogenous surfaceflow mireblanket bogsoligenous surfaceflow miressloopy fen,Hangmoorlithogenous surfaceflow miremost spring miresombrogenousacrotelm mireraised bogsoligenous acrotelmmirelithogenous acrotelmmireombrogenouspercolation mirepercolation bogsoligenouspercolation miresome sloping fenslithogenouspercolation miretypical percolationmireOrigin of the waterthalassogenousThalassogenousschwingmoor mireSee footnote 29 re geogenous mires.thalassogenousimmersion mirecoastalterrestrialisationthalassogenouswater rise mirethalassogenous floodmiremire coastal transgression mire, mangrovethalassogenoussurface flow mirethalassogenousacrotelm mirethalassogenouspercolation miresTable 2/2: Hydrogenetic mire types
Page 1 and 2: WISE USEOF MIRES AND PEATLANDS -BAC
Page 3 and 4: IMCG/IPS STATEMENT3CONTENTSGuide to
Page 5 and 6: IMCG/IPS STATEMENT5References .....
Page 7 and 8: IMCG/IPS STATEMENT7Peatlands are na
Page 9 and 10: IMCG/IPS STATEMENT9use of the peatl
Page 11 and 12: GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT11a
Page 13 and 14: GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT13A
Page 15 and 16: GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT15b
Page 17 and 18: GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT17c
Page 19 and 20: INTRODUCTION19resources. These help
Page 21 and 22: INTRODUCTION211998 Peatlands Under
Page 23 and 24: INTRODUCTION23●●●●●●●
Page 25 and 26: MIRES AND PEATLANDS252.2 PEAT FORMA
Page 27 and 28: MIRES AND PEATLANDS27Table 2/1: Eco
Page 29: MIRES AND PEATLANDS29Figure 2/3: Hy
Page 33 and 34: MIRES AND PEATLANDS33Outside the tr
Page 35 and 36: MIRES AND PEATLANDS35decay in the c
Page 37 and 38: MIRES AND PEATLANDS37formed peat an
Page 39 and 40: MIRES AND PEATLANDS39
Page 41 and 42: MIRES AND PEATLANDS41differs in thi
Page 43 and 44: MIRES AND PEATLANDS43Sieffermann et
Page 45 and 46: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
Page 81 and 82:
VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERE
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE121This consi
Page 123 and 124:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE123Some examp
Page 125 and 126:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE1253. There i
Page 127 and 128:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE1278. The pri
Page 129 and 130:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE129(2) Intern
Page 131 and 132:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE131National p
Page 133 and 134:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE133(8) Educat
Page 135 and 136:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE135the manage
Page 137 and 138:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE137Does the e
Page 139 and 140:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE139well-being
Page 141 and 142:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE141This summa
Page 143 and 144:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE143knowledge
Page 145 and 146:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE145Surwold Me
Page 147 and 148:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE147Peatland-l
Page 149 and 150:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE149Marine tra
Page 151 and 152:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE151Bog prepar
Page 153 and 154:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE153Peat-fired
Page 155 and 156:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE155Cattle on
Page 157 and 158:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE157Pristine p
Page 159 and 160:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE159Fire on a
Page 161 and 162:
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE16171See §§
Page 163 and 164:
GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS163Ba
Page 165 and 166:
GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS165De
Page 167 and 168:
GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS167Fo
Page 169 and 170:
GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS169In
Page 171 and 172:
GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS171No
Page 173 and 174:
GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS173Pi
Page 175 and 176:
GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS175So
Page 177 and 178:
GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS177Vo
Page 179 and 180:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS179Lindsay, Richard
Page 181 and 182:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS181International Pe
Page 183 and 184:
APPENDICES183APPENDICES
Page 185 and 186:
APPENDIX I185Original 2002 2002Coun
Page 187 and 188:
APPENDIX I187Philippines 300,000 10
Page 189 and 190:
APPENDIX I189Country Total area Pea
Page 191 and 192:
APPENDIX I191Country Total area Pea
Page 193 and 194:
APPENDIX I193The other important as
Page 195 and 196:
APPENDIX 2195Region Methane emissio
Page 197 and 198:
APPENDIX 2197A2.3 THE ROLE OF PEATL
Page 199 and 200:
APPENDIX 21991200010000FensBogskg C
Page 201 and 202:
APPENDIX 2201Total C in 10 9 gUndis
Page 203 and 204:
APPENDIX 2203source of carbon dioxi
Page 205 and 206:
APPENDIX 4205APPENDIX 4PATTERNS OF
Page 207 and 208:
APPENDIX 4207license from the relev
Page 209 and 210:
APPENDIX 52093. Quality of decision
Page 211 and 212:
APPENDIX 6211APPENDIX 6CODE OF COND
Page 213 and 214:
APPENDIX 7213APPENDIX 7INTERNATIONA
Page 215 and 216:
APPENDICES2151Based on information
Page 217 and 218:
REFERENCES217REFERENCESAardema, M.,
Page 219 and 220:
REFERENCES219Bedford, B.L., 1999, C
Page 221 and 222:
REFERENCES221morning. Hunting and n
Page 223 and 224:
REFERENCES223Application of static
Page 225 and 226:
REFERENCES225Amsterdam, pp. 35-65.F
Page 227 and 228:
REFERENCES227beautiful). Proceeding
Page 229 and 230:
REFERENCES229595 p.IPCC, 1995, Clim
Page 231 and 232:
REFERENCES231der Sitten (Ed. by Kra
Page 233 and 234:
REFERENCES233are you harvested. Rev
Page 235 and 236:
REFERENCES235Marschner, H., 1995, M
Page 237 and 238:
REFERENCES237wet relationship. Tran
Page 239 and 240:
REFERENCES239Växtsociologiska Säl
Page 241 and 242:
REFERENCES241Peatland, Sarawak, Mal
Page 243 and 244:
REFERENCES243Schäfer, A., and Dege
Page 245 and 246:
REFERENCES245Sirin, A.A., Minaeva T
Page 247 and 248:
REFERENCES247Princeton University P
Page 249 and 250:
REFERENCES249Kluwer Academic Publis
Page 251 and 252:
REFERENCES251Event, p. 222.Whinam,
Page 253 and 254:
INDEX253INDEXAAapa mire 30, 42, 81,
Page 255 and 256:
INDEX255Arrhenius Svante 99Art/arti
Page 257 and 258:
INDEX257Black peat 41, 54, 56, 58,
Page 259 and 260:
INDEX259Carex canescens 27Carex ces
Page 261 and 262:
INDEX261Cloud condensation nuclei 7
Page 263 and 264:
INDEX263Cross purposes 103Cross-cou
Page 265 and 266:
INDEX265Dutch Foundation for the Co
Page 267 and 268:
INDEX267Eurasia 60, 75, 196Europe 3
Page 269 and 270:
INDEX269Freedom from arbitrary arre
Page 271 and 272:
INDEX271Growing media 51-53, 136, 1
Page 273 and 274:
INDEX273Hydrologic characteristics
Page 275 and 276:
INDEX275ISO 14001 136Isotope 169Iso
Page 277 and 278:
INDEX277Lathyrus palustris 27Latk F
Page 279 and 280:
INDEX279Management Guidelines 19, 2
Page 281 and 282:
REFERENCES281Modifiers 120, 127-128
Page 283 and 284:
REFERENCES283New Caledonia 191New Z
Page 285 and 286:
REFERENCES285PPacific North West 71
Page 287 and 288:
REFERENCES287Photochemically active
Page 289 and 290:
REFERENCES289Product diversificatio
Page 291 and 292:
REFERENCES291Research 100Research n
Page 293 and 294:
REFERENCES293Scotland 58, 59, 98Sco
Page 295 and 296:
REFERENCES295Song of the Peatbog So
Page 297 and 298:
REFERENCES297Suspended solids 56, 8
Page 299 and 300:
REFERENCES299Triglochin palustre 27
Page 301 and 302:
REFERENCES301Verlandungsmoore 26Ver
Page 303 and 304:
REFERENCES303Wool 57Works of art 83
show all

wise use of mires and peatlands - Peatland Ecology Research Group

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?