wise use of mires and peatlands - Peatland Ecology Research Group

More documents

Recommendations

Info

142 FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE1World Commission on Environment andDevelopment, 1987, as quoted in §3.2.2Rio Declaration (UNED 1992) as quoted in §3.2.3Throughout this document the words ‘use’ and‘intervention’ are employed to include anydecision on a peatland - be it a decision to drain amire or one to preserve it.4Cf. Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio deJaneiro, 5 June 1992): “Sustainable use” meansthe use of components of biological diversity ina way and at a rate that does not lead to thelong-term decline of biological diversity, ...”.5For example, the effect of a function (peat forhorticulture) on the function itself (peat forhorticulture). In this case question 3 might read“Does the use of this peat for horticulture enablethe continuous provision of peat forhorticulture?”. Question 4 might read “Aresphagnum peat mires abundant and do they remainabundant?” The effect of a function on otherfunctions is dealt with in Table 5/2. In this casethe questions in Table 5/2 would examine theeffect of peat for horticulture from this mire (aproduction function) on e.g. the hydrology ofthe catchment (a regulation function).6In the sense of the physical survival of the person.7From a societal point of view, it might be wisernot to do so, but that is a matter of precedenceand priority (see §4.6 and §4.7) and of differentfocal points of responsibility at differentorganisational levels (see the “principle ofresponsibility” in §5.4(6)).8See §3.4.9Guideline A1 of the GAP: see §1.4 and Ramsar2001.10Cf. UN General Assembly Resolution 37/7 andAnnex (28 October 1982): “16. All planningshall include, among its essential elements, theformulation of strategies for the conservation ofnature, the establishment of inventories ofecosystems and assessments of the effects onnature of proposed policies and activities; all ofthese elements shall be disclosed to the public byappropriate means in time to permit effectiveconsultation and participation.”11In the widest sense of the word.12Again, in the widest sense of the word.13A greater advantage for society may consist of:●a greater benefit for all present and futuremembers of society, or● a greater benefit for the less favoured (cf. §4.6).14Cf. UN General Assembly Resolution 1803 (XVII)on Permanent Sovereignty over NaturalResources (14 December 1962): “1. The rightsof peoples and nations to permanent sovereigntyover their natural wealth and resources must beexercised in the interest of their nationaldevelopment and of the well-being of thepeople of the State concerned.”Cf. Declaration of the United Nations Conferenceon the Human Environment (Stockholm, 16 June1972): “Principle 2: The natural resources ofthe earth, including the air, water, land, flora andfauna and especially representative samples ofnatural ecosystems, must be safeguarded for thebenefit of present and future generationsthrough careful planning or management, asappropriate. ... Principle 5: The non-renewableresources of the earth must be employed in sucha way as to guard against the danger of theirfuture exhaustion and to ensure that benefits fromsuch employment are shared by all mankind.”Cf. UN Framework Convention on ClimateChange (New York, 9 May 1992): “Affirmingthat responses to climate change should becoordinated with social and economicdevelopments in an integrated matter,..., takinginto full account the legitimate priority needs ofdeveloping countries for the achievement ofsustained economic growth and the eradicationof poverty. ... Article 3.1. The Parties shouldprotect the climate system for the benefit ofpresent and future generations ofhumankind...”.Cf. the Convention on Biological Biodiversity(Rio de Janeiro, 5 June 1992): “Recognizing thateconomic and social development and povertyeradication are the first and overriding prioritiesof developing countries, Aware thatconservation and sustainable use of biologicaldiversity is of critical importance for meetingthe food, health and other needs of the growingworld population...; .“sustainable use” meansthe use of components of biological diversity ina way and at a rate that does not lead to the longtermdecline of biological diversity, therebymaintaining its potential to meet the needs andaspirations of present and futuregenerations.”Cf. The Rio Declaration on Environment andDevelopment (Rio de Janeiro, 13 June 1992):“Principle 3: The right to development must befulfilled so to equitably meet development andenvironmental needs of present and futuregenerations.... Principle 8: To achievesustainable development and a higher quality oflife for all people, States should reduce andeliminate unsustainable patterns of productionand consumption...” (our emphasis).15Cf. UN General Assembly Resolution 37/7 andAnnex (28 October 1982): “11. (b) Activitieswhich are likely to pose a significant risk tonature shall be preceded by an exhaustiveexamination; their proponents shall demonstratethat expected benefits outweigh potential damageto nature, and where potential adverse effectsare not fully understood, the activities shouldnot proceed.. (c) Activities which may disturbnature shall be preceded by assessment of theirconsequences, and environmental impact studiesof development projects shall be conductedsufficiently in advance, and if they are to beundertaken, such activities shall be planned andcarried out so as to minimise potential adverseeffects. ... 15. Knowledge of nature shall bebroadly disseminated by all possible means,particularly by ecological education as an integralpart of general education. ... 18. Constant effortsshall be made to increase knowledge of nature byscientific research and to disseminate such
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE143knowledge unimpeded by restrictions of any kind.19. The status of natural processes, ecosystemsand species shall be closely monitored to enableearly detection of degradation or threat, ensuretimely intervention and facilitate the evaluationof conservation policies and methods.”cf. The Rio Declaration on Environment andDevelopment (Rio de Janeiro, 13 June 1992):“Principle 17: Environmental impact assessment,as a national instrument, shall be undertaken forproposed activities that are likely to have asignificant adverse impact on the environmentand are subject to a decision of a competentnational authority.”16As individuals we pursue self-interest, largelyheedless of the cumulative effects of our individualactions. Though the maintenance of a healthyenvironment is in everyone’s general interest, itis in no individual’s personal interest to moderatehis or her consumption. Eventually, a tragedymay result (Hardin 1968), unless the communitysets limits to individual consumption.17Cf. The World Charter for Nature (UN GeneralAssembly Resolution 37/7 and Annex, 28October 1982): “7. In the planning andimplementation of social and economicdevelopment activities, due account shall be takenof the fact that the conservation of nature is anintegral part of those activities. ... 10 (b) Theproductivity of soils shall be maintained orenhanced through measures which safeguard theirlong-term fertility and the process of organicdecomposition, and prevent erosion and all otherforms of degradation. (c) Resources, includingwater, which are not consumed as they are usedshall be reused or recycled. (d) Non-renewableresources which are consumed as they are usedshall be exploited with restraint, taking intoaccount their abundance, the rational possibilitiesof converting them for consumption, and thecompatibility of their exploitation with thefunctioning of natural systems. 11. Activitieswhich might have an impact on nature shall becontrolled, and the best available technologiesthat minimize significant risks to nature or otheradverse effects shall be used; in particular (a)Activities which are likely to cause irreversibledamage to nature shall be avoided. ...(c) Activitieswhich may disturb nature ... shall be planned andcarried out so as to minimise potential adverseeffects”.18Including if necessary a ban on exploitation.19cf. The Rio Declaration on Environment andDevelopment (Rio de Janeiro, 13 June 1992):“Principle 15: In order to protect theenvironment, the precautionary approach shallbe widely applied by States according to theircapabilities. Where there are threats of seriousor irreversible damage, lack of full scientificcertainty shall not be used as a reason forpostponing cost-effective measures to preventenvironmental damage.” U.N. - Agenda 21.20Cf. UN General Assembly Resolution 37/7 andAnnex (28 October 1982): “11 (d).Agriculture,grazing, forestry and fisheries practices shall beadapted to the natural characteristics andconstraints of given areas”.See also the definition of Wise Use by the RamsarConvention: “their sustainable utilisation ... in away compatible with the maintenance of thenatural properties of the ecosystem” (see §1.2).21Cf. The World Charter for Nature (UN GeneralAssembly Resolution 37/7 and Annex, 28October 1982): “2. The genetic viability on theearth shall not be compromised; the populationlevels of all life forms, wild and domesticated,must be at least sufficient for their survival, andto this end necessary habitats shall be safeguarded.3. All areas of the earth, both land and sea, shallbe subject to these principles of conservation;special attention shall be given to unique areas,to representative samples of all the differenttypes of ecosystems and to the habitats of rareor endangered species.. ... 10 (a) Living resourcesshall not be utilized in excess of their naturalcapacity for regeneration.”22Cf. Declaration of the United Nations Conferenceon the Human Environment (Stockholm, 16 June1972): “Principle 3: The capacity of the earthto produce vital renewable resources must bemaintained and, wherever practicable, restoredor improved.”cf. UN General Assembly Resolution 37/7 andAnnex (28 October 1982): “11 (e) Areas degradedby human activities shall be rehabilitated forpurposes in accord with their natural potentialand compatible with the well-being of affectedpopulations”.23Cf. The Rio Declaration on Environment andDevelopment (Rio de Janeiro, 13 June 1992):“Principle 16: National authorities shouldendeavour to promote the internalisation ofenvironmental costs and the use of economicinstruments, taking into account the approachthat the polluter should, in principle, bear thecost of pollution, with due regard to the publicinterest and without distorting international tradeand investment.”24Cf. UN Framework Convention on ClimateChange (New York, 9 May 1992): “Recognising... that standards applied by some countries maybe inappropriate and of unwarranted economicand social costs to other countries, in particulardeveloping countries. ... Article 3.1 The Partiesshould protect the climate system ... in accordancewith their common but differentiatedresponsibilities and respective capabilities....”.25In the case of some instruments at national level,they are agreed between groups of countries. Anexample of this is the European Union.26Examples: responsible implementing body,commercial company, community group, village.27Non-governmental organisations such as theWorld Conservation Union, the InternationalPeat Society, the International Mire ConservationGroup, Wetlands International and the Societyof Wetland Scientists.28Ramsar 2001.29International Energy Agency 2000.30www.fscoax.org
Page 1 and 2:
WISE USEOF MIRES AND PEATLANDS -BAC
Page 3 and 4:
IMCG/IPS STATEMENT3CONTENTSGuide to
Page 5 and 6:
IMCG/IPS STATEMENT5References .....
Page 7 and 8:
IMCG/IPS STATEMENT7Peatlands are na
Page 9 and 10:
IMCG/IPS STATEMENT9use of the peatl
Page 11 and 12:
GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT11a
Page 13 and 14:
GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT13A
Page 15 and 16:
GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT15b
Page 17 and 18:
GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT17c
Page 19 and 20:
INTRODUCTION19resources. These help
Page 21 and 22:
INTRODUCTION211998 Peatlands Under
Page 23 and 24:
INTRODUCTION23●●●●●●●
Page 25 and 26:
MIRES AND PEATLANDS252.2 PEAT FORMA
Page 27 and 28:
MIRES AND PEATLANDS27Table 2/1: Eco
Page 29 and 30:
MIRES AND PEATLANDS29Figure 2/3: Hy
Page 31 and 32:
MIRES AND PEATLANDS31peat formation
Page 33 and 34:
MIRES AND PEATLANDS33Outside the tr
Page 35 and 36:
MIRES AND PEATLANDS35decay in the c
Page 37 and 38:
MIRES AND PEATLANDS37formed peat an
Page 39 and 40:
MIRES AND PEATLANDS39
Page 41 and 42:
MIRES AND PEATLANDS41differs in thi
Page 43 and 44:
MIRES AND PEATLANDS43Sieffermann et
Page 45 and 46:
VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
Page 101 and 102: VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERE
Page 121 and 122: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE121This consi
Page 123 and 124: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE123Some examp
Page 125 and 126: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE1253. There i
Page 127 and 128: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE1278. The pri
Page 129 and 130: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE129(2) Intern
Page 131 and 132: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE131National p
Page 133 and 134: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE133(8) Educat
Page 135 and 136: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE135the manage
Page 137 and 138: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE137Does the e
Page 139 and 140: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE139well-being
Page 141: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE141This summa
Page 145 and 146: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE145Surwold Me
Page 147 and 148: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE147Peatland-l
Page 149 and 150: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE149Marine tra
Page 151 and 152: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE151Bog prepar
Page 153 and 154: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE153Peat-fired
Page 155 and 156: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE155Cattle on
Page 157 and 158: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE157Pristine p
Page 159 and 160: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE159Fire on a
Page 161 and 162: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE16171See §§
Page 163 and 164: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS163Ba
Page 165 and 166: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS165De
Page 167 and 168: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS167Fo
Page 169 and 170: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS169In
Page 171 and 172: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS171No
Page 173 and 174: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS173Pi
Page 175 and 176: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS175So
Page 177 and 178: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS177Vo
Page 179 and 180: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS179Lindsay, Richard
Page 181 and 182: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS181International Pe
Page 183 and 184: APPENDICES183APPENDICES
Page 185 and 186: APPENDIX I185Original 2002 2002Coun
Page 187 and 188: APPENDIX I187Philippines 300,000 10
Page 189 and 190: APPENDIX I189Country Total area Pea
Page 191 and 192: APPENDIX I191Country Total area Pea
Page 193 and 194:
APPENDIX I193The other important as
Page 195 and 196:
APPENDIX 2195Region Methane emissio
Page 197 and 198:
APPENDIX 2197A2.3 THE ROLE OF PEATL
Page 199 and 200:
APPENDIX 21991200010000FensBogskg C
Page 201 and 202:
APPENDIX 2201Total C in 10 9 gUndis
Page 203 and 204:
APPENDIX 2203source of carbon dioxi
Page 205 and 206:
APPENDIX 4205APPENDIX 4PATTERNS OF
Page 207 and 208:
APPENDIX 4207license from the relev
Page 209 and 210:
APPENDIX 52093. Quality of decision
Page 211 and 212:
APPENDIX 6211APPENDIX 6CODE OF COND
Page 213 and 214:
APPENDIX 7213APPENDIX 7INTERNATIONA
Page 215 and 216:
APPENDICES2151Based on information
Page 217 and 218:
REFERENCES217REFERENCESAardema, M.,
Page 219 and 220:
REFERENCES219Bedford, B.L., 1999, C
Page 221 and 222:
REFERENCES221morning. Hunting and n
Page 223 and 224:
REFERENCES223Application of static
Page 225 and 226:
REFERENCES225Amsterdam, pp. 35-65.F
Page 227 and 228:
REFERENCES227beautiful). Proceeding
Page 229 and 230:
REFERENCES229595 p.IPCC, 1995, Clim
Page 231 and 232:
REFERENCES231der Sitten (Ed. by Kra
Page 233 and 234:
REFERENCES233are you harvested. Rev
Page 235 and 236:
REFERENCES235Marschner, H., 1995, M
Page 237 and 238:
REFERENCES237wet relationship. Tran
Page 239 and 240:
REFERENCES239Växtsociologiska Säl
Page 241 and 242:
REFERENCES241Peatland, Sarawak, Mal
Page 243 and 244:
REFERENCES243Schäfer, A., and Dege
Page 245 and 246:
REFERENCES245Sirin, A.A., Minaeva T
Page 247 and 248:
REFERENCES247Princeton University P
Page 249 and 250:
REFERENCES249Kluwer Academic Publis
Page 251 and 252:
REFERENCES251Event, p. 222.Whinam,
Page 253 and 254:
INDEX253INDEXAAapa mire 30, 42, 81,
Page 255 and 256:
INDEX255Arrhenius Svante 99Art/arti
Page 257 and 258:
INDEX257Black peat 41, 54, 56, 58,
Page 259 and 260:
INDEX259Carex canescens 27Carex ces
Page 261 and 262:
INDEX261Cloud condensation nuclei 7
Page 263 and 264:
INDEX263Cross purposes 103Cross-cou
Page 265 and 266:
INDEX265Dutch Foundation for the Co
Page 267 and 268:
INDEX267Eurasia 60, 75, 196Europe 3
Page 269 and 270:
INDEX269Freedom from arbitrary arre
Page 271 and 272:
INDEX271Growing media 51-53, 136, 1
Page 273 and 274:
INDEX273Hydrologic characteristics
Page 275 and 276:
INDEX275ISO 14001 136Isotope 169Iso
Page 277 and 278:
INDEX277Lathyrus palustris 27Latk F
Page 279 and 280:
INDEX279Management Guidelines 19, 2
Page 281 and 282:
REFERENCES281Modifiers 120, 127-128
Page 283 and 284:
REFERENCES283New Caledonia 191New Z
Page 285 and 286:
REFERENCES285PPacific North West 71
Page 287 and 288:
REFERENCES287Photochemically active
Page 289 and 290:
REFERENCES289Product diversificatio
Page 291 and 292:
REFERENCES291Research 100Research n
Page 293 and 294:
REFERENCES293Scotland 58, 59, 98Sco
Page 295 and 296:
REFERENCES295Song of the Peatbog So
Page 297 and 298:
REFERENCES297Suspended solids 56, 8
Page 299 and 300:
REFERENCES299Triglochin palustre 27
Page 301 and 302:
REFERENCES301Verlandungsmoore 26Ver
Page 303 and 304:
REFERENCES303Wool 57Works of art 83
show all

wise use of mires and peatlands - Peatland Ecology Research Group

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?