wise use of mires and peatlands - Peatland Ecology Research Group

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92 VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PEATLANDSAnthropocentric instrumental = for the benefit of humanityValue types “Conservation” motives “Economic” motivesD N I EProduction Protection of genetic + commercial exploitation + +diversity of currentof various resourcesproduction speciesCarrier Securing space for + + securing space for + +natural processes andproduction and habitationpatternsand its commercialexploitation 314Regulation Protection of + + use and commercial +regulating capacitiesexploitation of regulatingcapacitiesSocial-amenity Protection of home + employment to guarantee +area, “roots”company, friendship,and respectRecreation Use for recreation, + use and commercial +recuperation,exploitationof stressstress mitigationmitigation capacitiesAesthetics Protection of beauty + use and commercial +exploitation of this valueor position 315Signalisation Protection of general + + use and commercial +indicator functionexploitation of indicators(e.g. monetary benefits)Symbolisation Protection of symbols + creation, use, and +commercialexploitation of symbolsSpirituality Protection of + + use and commercial +reflective andexploitation of this valuespiritual propertiesor positionHistory Conservation of + use and commercial +cultural and naturalexploitation of this“monuments”value or positionExistence Conservation of + + use and commercial +processes, species,exploitation of this valueand ecosystemsor positionScience Conservation of + + use and commercialsources of cognitive exploitation of knowledge +developmentTransformation Securing the + + use and commercial + +potential forexploitation oftransformationtransformational(education)propertiesOption Protection of genetic + + protection and saving + +diversity andof non-renewable resourcesevolutionary processesfor future use
VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PEATLANDS93Intrinsic valuesValue types “Conservation” motives “Economic” motivesD N I ENoocentrism 316 Protection of all + use and commercial +rational beingsexploitation of thisand theirpositionenvironment 317Pathocentrism Protection of all + use and commercial +sentient beings andexploitation of thistheir environmentpositionBiocentrism Protection of all + use and commercial +living beings andexploitation oftheir environmentthis positionEcocentrism Protection of all + + use and commercial +/ holism beings and systems exploitation of thisand their environmentpositionDoes not use/exploit the values as such, but only the people who value these values.D = diversity, patterns; N = naturalness, wildness, processes; I = Income, monetary profit; E =employment, social benefits.Table 3/22: Relevance of focal points of “conservation” and “economic” motives of peatlandland use with respect to various value types.1This chapter has benefited greatly frominformation provided by, and discussions with,Konrad Ott, Martin Gorke, and Anne-JelleSchilstra.2Different people attribute worth to differentqualities. Some may value a mire for its beauty,others for its scientific value, yet others for thepeat which can be extracted from it. Others againconsider the mire to be of value just because itexists. This last view may seem extreme topragmatic minds but they must understand thatsuch views do exist.3Prior 1998.4But cf. Taoism and Pirsig 1974.5“Entity” is used in this document as meaninganything which exists whether physically orconceptually (cf. Latin “ens”).6Cf. also Table 3/1.7In this document the term function is used toexpress an action of an entity that positivelyaffects the object of that action (i.e. is useful).Function is the complement of use, i.e. the sameaction (relation, factor) can be seen as a function(from the perspective of the provider) or as a use(from the perspective of the beneficiary).8Outside nihilism, it is illogical to imagine a unidirectionalchain of means without any final ends.Mean-end relationships, however, can also beregarded as a network in which the interconnectedstrands of the web form infinite circular lineswithout final ends. In such a view a cleardistinction between means and ends disappears (seealso §4.10).9Cf. the difference between axiological objectivismand meta-ethical objectivism in Birnbacher 1996.10From the Greek ανθρωποσ, oi ανθρωποι, man,mankind.11UN General Assembly 1948.12Cf. Declaration of the UN Conference on theHuman Environment, Stockholm, 16 June 1972:“5. ..of all things in the world, people are themost precious.”13World Commission on Environment andDevelopment 1987.14Although some of them are “brought back in”again by referring to their potential rationality.15Cavalieri & Singer 1993, Parr 2001.16Reis & Marino 2001, Tschudin et al. 2001.17“Sympathy for life”.18Cf. The World Charter for Nature (UN GeneralAssembly Resolution 37/7 and Annex, 28 October1982): “Every form of life is unique, warrantingrespect regardless of its worth to man, and, toaccord other organisms such recognition, manmust be guided by a moral code of action.”, and“General principles. 1. Nature shall be respectedand its essential processes shall not be impaired.”.19This does not necessarily mean that all beingsare considered to have equal value. See also §4.10and §5.8.20Some essentially instrumental positions can comeclose to attributing intrinsic moral value to nonhumanbeings by:● assigning them the right not to be unnecessarily
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WISE USEOF MIRES AND PEATLANDS -BAC
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT3CONTENTSGuide to
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT5References .....
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT7Peatlands are na
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT9use of the peatl
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GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT11a
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GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT13A
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GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT15b
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GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT17c
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INTRODUCTION19resources. These help
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INTRODUCTION211998 Peatlands Under
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INTRODUCTION23●●●●●●●
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS252.2 PEAT FORMA
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS27Table 2/1: Eco
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS29Figure 2/3: Hy
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS31peat formation
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS33Outside the tr
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS35decay in the c
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS37formed peat an
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS39
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Page 139 and 140: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE139well-being
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE143knowledge
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE145Surwold Me
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE147Peatland-l
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE149Marine tra
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE151Bog prepar
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE153Peat-fired
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE155Cattle on
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE157Pristine p
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE159Fire on a
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE16171See §§
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS163Ba
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS165De
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS167Fo
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS169In
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS171No
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS173Pi
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS175So
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS177Vo
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS179Lindsay, Richard
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS181International Pe
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APPENDICES183APPENDICES
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APPENDIX I185Original 2002 2002Coun
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APPENDIX I187Philippines 300,000 10
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APPENDIX I189Country Total area Pea
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APPENDIX I191Country Total area Pea
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APPENDIX I193The other important as
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APPENDIX 2195Region Methane emissio
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APPENDIX 2197A2.3 THE ROLE OF PEATL
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APPENDIX 21991200010000FensBogskg C
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APPENDIX 2201Total C in 10 9 gUndis
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APPENDIX 2203source of carbon dioxi
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APPENDIX 4205APPENDIX 4PATTERNS OF
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APPENDIX 4207license from the relev
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APPENDIX 52093. Quality of decision
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APPENDIX 6211APPENDIX 6CODE OF COND
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APPENDIX 7213APPENDIX 7INTERNATIONA
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APPENDICES2151Based on information
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REFERENCES217REFERENCESAardema, M.,
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REFERENCES219Bedford, B.L., 1999, C
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REFERENCES221morning. Hunting and n
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REFERENCES223Application of static
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REFERENCES225Amsterdam, pp. 35-65.F
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REFERENCES227beautiful). Proceeding
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REFERENCES229595 p.IPCC, 1995, Clim
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REFERENCES231der Sitten (Ed. by Kra
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REFERENCES233are you harvested. Rev
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REFERENCES235Marschner, H., 1995, M
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REFERENCES237wet relationship. Tran
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REFERENCES239Växtsociologiska Säl
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REFERENCES241Peatland, Sarawak, Mal
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REFERENCES243Schäfer, A., and Dege
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REFERENCES245Sirin, A.A., Minaeva T
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REFERENCES247Princeton University P
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REFERENCES249Kluwer Academic Publis
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REFERENCES251Event, p. 222.Whinam,
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INDEX253INDEXAAapa mire 30, 42, 81,
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INDEX255Arrhenius Svante 99Art/arti
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INDEX257Black peat 41, 54, 56, 58,
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INDEX259Carex canescens 27Carex ces
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INDEX261Cloud condensation nuclei 7
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INDEX263Cross purposes 103Cross-cou
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INDEX265Dutch Foundation for the Co
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INDEX267Eurasia 60, 75, 196Europe 3
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INDEX269Freedom from arbitrary arre
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INDEX271Growing media 51-53, 136, 1
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INDEX273Hydrologic characteristics
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INDEX275ISO 14001 136Isotope 169Iso
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INDEX277Lathyrus palustris 27Latk F
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INDEX279Management Guidelines 19, 2
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REFERENCES281Modifiers 120, 127-128
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REFERENCES283New Caledonia 191New Z
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REFERENCES285PPacific North West 71
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REFERENCES287Photochemically active
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REFERENCES289Product diversificatio
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REFERENCES291Research 100Research n
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REFERENCES293Scotland 58, 59, 98Sco
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REFERENCES295Song of the Peatbog So
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REFERENCES297Suspended solids 56, 8
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REFERENCES299Triglochin palustre 27
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REFERENCES301Verlandungsmoore 26Ver
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REFERENCES303Wool 57Works of art 83
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