wise use of mires and peatlands - Peatland Ecology Research Group

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48 VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PEATLANDSMaterial life support functions contributeto the maintenance of physical health. Theyare usually divided into production, carrier,and regulation functions 25 . Productionfunctions relate to the capacity to provide(individualisable 26 ) resources, ranging fromwater, food, and raw materials for industrialuse to energy resources and geneticmaterials. Carrier functions relate to thecapacity to provide space and a suitablesubsoil for human habitation, industry, andinfrastructure, cultivation (crop growing,animal husbandry, aquaculture), energyconversion, recreation and nature protection.Regulation functions relate to the capacityto regulate essential (non-individualisable 27 )ecological processes and life-supportsystems, contributing to the maintenance ofadequate climatic, atmospheric, water, soil,ecological and genetic conditions.The non-material life support functions 28cover a large and diverse range of benefitsthat can be subdivided into two large classes:Proxy functions include all sensations thatare experienced as pleasant, agreeable orbeneficial, but whose material advantagesare not always immediately obvious. Theirreal benefits (and genesis) lie deeper 29 .Proxy functions are largely consumedunconsciously. They are shaped andmodified by learning, but they do havesome genetic, hereditary basis. Behaviouralpatterns related to these functions may,therefore, long remain the same, even whenthe conditions have changed and theformer benefits have disappeared 30 .Identity functions serve to identify one’sposition in the world. They are limited toself-conscious beings 31 who are able tothink abstractly 32 . The capacity toconsume (and create) these kinds offunctions must also have had anevolutionary advantage, e.g. byconsolidating group behaviour and thedevelopment of conscious altruism(solidarity).The significance of these non-material lifesupport functions for human beings isindicated by the large amounts of money thatare spent in such areas as team sports,recreation, arts, religion, history, speciesconservation, and pure science.All these functions have a future aspect asoption or bequest functions, which refer towhat this generation will leave to futuregenerations. Transformative / educationalfunctions lead to a change of preferences orvalue standards. They only make sense,however, for those who believe that one setof preferences or standards is better thananother.3.4 FUNCTIONS OF MIRES ANDPEATLANDS FOR HUMANBEINGSThis section outlines the beneficial functionsof peatlands, and their significance in global,regional and local terms. Table 3/4summarises these functions, and is followedby explanatory text on each function.3.4.1 Production functions(a) Overview of peat extraction 33Peat is extracted from peatlands and usedprincipally in horticulture, agriculture,domestic heating and energy generation.Peat is either cut from the peatlands as sods,or macerated and formed into sods, or milledon the surface to form crumb. Peat extractionincludes the drying of wet peat and thecollection, transport and storage of the driedproduct. The drying process is in two phases:● a substantial proportion of the watercontent is taken away by drainage;● moisture content is then further reducedby solar and wind drying on the surface ofa production field.
VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PEATLANDS49PresentdayaspectsMateriallifesupportfunctionsNonmateriallife supportFunctions(§3.4.4)(= informationalfunctions)Future aspects(see §3.4.5)1. Production functions(see §3.4.1)2. Carrier functions(see §3.4.2)3. Regulation functions(see §3.4.3)4a. social-amenityfunctions4. Proxyfunctions5. Identityfunctions4b. recreation functions4c. aesthetic functions4d. signalisationfunctions5a. symbolisationfunctions5b. spiritualityfunctions5c. historyfunctions5d. existencefunctions5e. cognition6. transformation(= educational) functions7. option (= bequest) functionsExamplesProviding water, food, raw materials,energy, labourProviding space and substrate forhabitation, cultivation, energygeneration, conservation, recreationRegulating climatic, water, soil,ecological, and genetic conditionsProviding company, friendship,solidarity, erotic contact, cosiness,respect, home, territory, employmentProviding opportunities for recreation,recuperation, stress mitigationProviding aesthetic experience (beauty,arts, taste)Providing signals (indicator organisms,status, monetary price, taste)Providing embodiments of otherfunctions (mascots, status symbols,money)Providing reflection and spiritualenrichment (religion, spirituality)Providing notions of cultural continuity(history, heritage, descent, ancestors)Providing notions of ecological andevolutionary connectednessProviding opportunities for cognitivedevelopment (satisfaction of curiosity,science)Providing a change of preferences,character buildingProviding insurance, heritageRestricted to self-conscious beingsnot restricted to self-conscious beingsTable 3/3: Types of instrumental valuesBecause of this dependence onmeteorological conditions, annual peatproduction volumes in an enterprise orcountry may fluctuate considerably.A mire or peatland is suitable for industrialpeat extraction if■ the peat is of sufficient depth.■ its area is sufficiently large and ofappropriate shape,■■the quality of peat is adequate for theintended purpose,access to the consumer can be achieved ata reasonable price.Accurate information on the extent of peatextraction is not available. In particular, littleis known about the volumes of private, nonindustrialpeat extraction that remainsimportant for local energy provision in
Page 1 and 2: WISE USEOF MIRES AND PEATLANDS -BAC
Page 3 and 4: IMCG/IPS STATEMENT3CONTENTSGuide to
Page 5 and 6: IMCG/IPS STATEMENT5References .....
Page 7 and 8: IMCG/IPS STATEMENT7Peatlands are na
Page 9 and 10: IMCG/IPS STATEMENT9use of the peatl
Page 11 and 12: GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT11a
Page 13 and 14: GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT13A
Page 15 and 16: GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT15b
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Page 19 and 20: INTRODUCTION19resources. These help
Page 21 and 22: INTRODUCTION211998 Peatlands Under
Page 23 and 24: INTRODUCTION23●●●●●●●
Page 25 and 26: MIRES AND PEATLANDS252.2 PEAT FORMA
Page 27 and 28: MIRES AND PEATLANDS27Table 2/1: Eco
Page 29 and 30: MIRES AND PEATLANDS29Figure 2/3: Hy
Page 31 and 32: MIRES AND PEATLANDS31peat formation
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Page 35 and 36: MIRES AND PEATLANDS35decay in the c
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Page 43 and 44: MIRES AND PEATLANDS43Sieffermann et
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VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
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VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERE
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE121This consi
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE123Some examp
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE1253. There i
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE1278. The pri
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE129(2) Intern
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE131National p
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE133(8) Educat
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE135the manage
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE137Does the e
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE139well-being
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE141This summa
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE143knowledge
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE145Surwold Me
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE147Peatland-l
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE149Marine tra
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE151Bog prepar
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE153Peat-fired
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE155Cattle on
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE157Pristine p
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE159Fire on a
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FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE16171See §§
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS163Ba
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS165De
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS167Fo
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS169In
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS171No
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS173Pi
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS175So
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS177Vo
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS179Lindsay, Richard
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS181International Pe
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APPENDICES183APPENDICES
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APPENDIX I185Original 2002 2002Coun
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APPENDIX I187Philippines 300,000 10
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APPENDIX I189Country Total area Pea
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APPENDIX I191Country Total area Pea
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APPENDIX I193The other important as
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APPENDIX 2195Region Methane emissio
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APPENDIX 2197A2.3 THE ROLE OF PEATL
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APPENDIX 21991200010000FensBogskg C
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APPENDIX 2201Total C in 10 9 gUndis
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APPENDIX 2203source of carbon dioxi
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APPENDIX 4205APPENDIX 4PATTERNS OF
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APPENDIX 4207license from the relev
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APPENDIX 52093. Quality of decision
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APPENDIX 6211APPENDIX 6CODE OF COND
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APPENDIX 7213APPENDIX 7INTERNATIONA
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APPENDICES2151Based on information
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REFERENCES217REFERENCESAardema, M.,
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REFERENCES219Bedford, B.L., 1999, C
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REFERENCES221morning. Hunting and n
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REFERENCES223Application of static
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REFERENCES225Amsterdam, pp. 35-65.F
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REFERENCES227beautiful). Proceeding
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REFERENCES229595 p.IPCC, 1995, Clim
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REFERENCES231der Sitten (Ed. by Kra
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REFERENCES233are you harvested. Rev
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REFERENCES235Marschner, H., 1995, M
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REFERENCES237wet relationship. Tran
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REFERENCES239Växtsociologiska Säl
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REFERENCES241Peatland, Sarawak, Mal
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REFERENCES243Schäfer, A., and Dege
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REFERENCES245Sirin, A.A., Minaeva T
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REFERENCES247Princeton University P
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REFERENCES249Kluwer Academic Publis
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REFERENCES251Event, p. 222.Whinam,
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INDEX253INDEXAAapa mire 30, 42, 81,
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INDEX255Arrhenius Svante 99Art/arti
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INDEX257Black peat 41, 54, 56, 58,
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INDEX259Carex canescens 27Carex ces
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INDEX261Cloud condensation nuclei 7
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INDEX263Cross purposes 103Cross-cou
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INDEX265Dutch Foundation for the Co
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INDEX267Eurasia 60, 75, 196Europe 3
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INDEX269Freedom from arbitrary arre
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INDEX271Growing media 51-53, 136, 1
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INDEX273Hydrologic characteristics
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INDEX275ISO 14001 136Isotope 169Iso
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INDEX277Lathyrus palustris 27Latk F
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INDEX279Management Guidelines 19, 2
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REFERENCES281Modifiers 120, 127-128
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REFERENCES283New Caledonia 191New Z
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REFERENCES285PPacific North West 71
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REFERENCES287Photochemically active
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REFERENCES289Product diversificatio
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REFERENCES291Research 100Research n
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REFERENCES293Scotland 58, 59, 98Sco
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REFERENCES295Song of the Peatbog So
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REFERENCES297Suspended solids 56, 8
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REFERENCES299Triglochin palustre 27
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REFERENCES301Verlandungsmoore 26Ver
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REFERENCES303Wool 57Works of art 83
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