wise use of mires and peatlands - Peatland Ecology Research Group

96 VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PEATLANDS106Galambosi et al. 1998, 2000.107North American information based on materialfrom André Desrocher. European informationbased on material from Alexandr Mischenko andTatiana Minaeva.108Page & Rieley 1998, Ali 2000.109Based on information from Piotr Ilnicki. Cf. alsoOkrusko 1996.110See also §3.4.3 (n): Regulation of regional andlocal climates.111Based on information provided by CharlotteMcAlister.112These original data, compiled by P. Ilnicki, arenot fully compatible with those in Table A1/1.113Dent 1986, Radjagukguk 1991, Mutalib et al.1991, Rieley 1991.114Leong & Lim 1994.115Cf. Shulan et al. 1994.116Stanton & Flach 1980.117http://www.econ.upm.edu.my/~peta/sago/sago.html118Matsumoto et al. 1998.119See for a cost-benefit analysis of sago and oilpalm cultivation on peatlands: Kumari 1995 andhttp://www.econ.upm.edu.my/~peta/sago/sago.html120Rubec & Thibault 1998, Zoltai & Pollett 1983.121Lucas 1982,Stewart 1991.122Based on material from Charlotte McAlister.123www.wiscran.org/whatshta.html124Luthin 2000, Lochner 2000;www.oceanspray.com; www.cranberries.org;www.northlandcran.com; www.wiscran.org; http://omega.cc.umb.edu/~conne/marsha/cranintro.html;125www.library.wisc.edu/guides/agnic/cranberry/dnrpaper.html126www.oceanspray.com/uti_info.htm127E.g. in Estonia (www.loodus.ee/nigula/kuremari/kuremari_e.html) and the Far East of Russia(www.iscmoscow.ru/english/main/rfe_tgp/projects/sg2-03.htm). It has proved to becommercially unsuccessful in Ireland due to themildness of the climate and lack of sunshine – GMcNally).128Based on information from Juhani Päivänen.129Because the words ‘exploitation’ and ‘sustainable’are used in this document with defined meanings(see Glossary) different terms to those used inthe industry have been used in this section.130Päivänen & Paavilainen 1996.131Changed after Päivänen & Paavilainen 1996.132Paavilainen & Päivänen 1995, Päivänen 1997.133Paavilainen & Päivänen 1995.134“Advanced growth” consists of almost maturetrees growing beneath the forest’s canopy.135http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_1/picea/mariana.htm.136Areas cleared of trees except for small groups ofseed-bearing trees.137Strips cleared of trees. Jeglum & Kennington 1993.138Jeglum & Kennington 1993.139Anderson 1983.140Laurent 1986.141Page & Rieley 1998, 1999.142Rieley 1991, Rieley et al 1997.143Ibrahim & Hall 1991.144Lee 1991.145See also Paavilainen & Päivänen 1995.146Pyatt 1990147Kaunisto 1997, Sundström 1997148Konstantinov et al. 1999149Konstantinov et al. 1999. Vomperskij (1999)even states that half of the ca. 6 million hectaresdrained for forestry is currently re-paludifying.150Heikurainen 1980.151Payandeh 1988.152Personal communication from V Klemetti;Annual Report of Vapo Oy 1998, p.9. J Päivänen(personal communication) states that there areno statistics dividing cutting removals betweenmineral soil and peatland. The actual cuttingremoval from all Finnish forests in 2000 was61.5 million cubic metres, of which about 47 %was raw material suitable for sawn timber (FinnishForest Research Institute 2001, p. 153). It hasbeen estimated that the maximum sustainableremoval (million m 3 per year) for mineral soilsites is 58.3 and for peatlands 9.7 for the periodof 1996-2005. That would mean that 14.3 % ofthe total removal could be harvested frompeatlands. The percentage estimated to comefrom peatlands is estimated to increase heavilyto 24.3 % in the period 2016-2025.(Nuutinen etal. 2000).153After Paavilainen & Päivänen 1995.154Based on information provided by Tim Moore.See also Rubec & Thibault 1998.155St. Louis et al. 2000.156Pikulik et al. 2000.157Roulet 2000.158Virtanen & Hänninen 2000.159Based on information from Jan Pokorny.160Rongfen 1994.161Masyuk 2000, Pikulik et al. 2000.162Information provided by Gerry McNally.163Based, inter alia, on information from HerbertDiemont.164Butcher et al. 1995.165Radforth & Burwash 1977, Meeres 1977.166Based on information from Charlotte McAlisterand Gerry McNally.167Based on information from Charlotte McAlister.See also Gorissen 1998, Baaijens et al 1982,Karofeld 1999.168Examples: Within two military training groundsin the North of England (RAF Spadeadam andOtterburn Training Area), ‘notified’ mires includea Ramsar site, Sites of Special Scientific Interest(a UK classification), National Nature Reservesand Special Areas of Conservation (a EuropeanUnion designation) covering several thousandhectares (personal communication fromCharlotte MacAlister). The most extensiveremaining largely intact bog area in CentralEurope is the Tinner Dose, since 1876 a militaryterrain (Gorissen 1998). Similarly one of the bestbog remnants in the Netherlands, the Witterveld,is situated in a military exercise area (Baaijens et