wise use of mires and peatlands - Peatland Ecology Research Group

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144 FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE31Based largely on the Guidelines for Global Actionon Peatlands (GGAP), Ramsar 2001.32Including, for example, international cooperationunder the Ramsar Convention.33Cf. Safford & Maltby 1998.34Cf. Shine & de Klemm 1999.35National parks, nature reserves, areas ofconservation, heritage areas, sites of scientificinterest. See also “ (7) Establishment of ProtectedAreas” below.36Cf. Shine & de Klemm 1999, pp 221-225.37E.g. rights of commonage, grazing rights,traditional rights of indigenous peoples, huntingrights.38For a detailed description of the legal protectionprocess in Switzerland see Kohli 1994. A similardescription for Norway is to be found in Moen1995b.39Iwakuma 1995.40Minaeva & Sirin 2000.41Okruszko & Byczkowski 2000.42Backéus & Grab 1995.43Based on information provided by CatherineO’Connell. See also Guidelines D1 to D4 of theGGAP - Ramsar 2001.44See §3.4.6.45Safford & Maltby 1998.46UNEP 2000. The Ecosystem Approach is aninstrument intended for implementation at avariety of levels. For convenience it has beenincluded at the sub-national level.47‘Enterprises’ include responsible implementingbody, commercial company, community group,village.48Cf. Cadbury 1992.49Jeffreys 1995; Fricker n/a. Cost-Benefit Analysisis an instrument intended for implementation ata variety of levels. For convenience it has beenincluded at the enterprise level.50Elements of Life Cycle Analysis and chainanalysis should be included in the Cost-benefitanalysis and the Environmental ImpactAssessment. This is in order to take intoconsideration indirect effects such as changeselsewhere in the market caused by the action, orthe consequences of people changing the locationof their jobs.51Net Present Value is a method of expressing futureamounts in current terms. This is done bydiscounting an amount by a percentage for everyyear into the future.For example, an annual cost of $1,000 over 3years, discounted at a compounding discount rateof 10% would appear at present as:● 1st year = $1,000 (no discounting)● 2nd year = $900 ($1,000 less 10%)● 3rd year = $810 ($1,000 less 10%, then less10% again)The actual Net Present Value is calculated bysubtracting the present value of all costs fromthe present value of all benefits for an option. Itcan be difficult to put a monetary value on suchbenefits as biodiversity or naturalness (cf. §4.8).52See discussion in §4.8.53Blankenburg 1996, Blankenburg & Hennings1996, Kratz & Pfadenhauer 1996.54Bambalov et al. 1996.55Vasander & Roderfeld 1996.56Boudreau & Rochefort 2000, Le Quéré & Samson2000.57Johnson et al. 2000.58Vasander & Roderfeld 1996.59O’Malley 1988.60McNally 1996.61E.g. Vikberg 1996.62Rowlands & Feehan 2000.63Cf. Joosten 1997.64Persons who refuse to inform themselves andthus to modify their behaviour appropriately aresaid to suffer from “invincible ignorance.”65Ramsar 1999.66Non-anthropocentric approaches are highlydiverse with respect to what entities areconsidered to have intrinsic moral value andregarding the characteristics by which this valueis judged (see Tables 3/1 and 3/2). In contrast toanthropocentrism (see the Universal Declarationon Human Rights and associated judgementsystems in §4.6), hardly any generalised rules /principles / guidelines have been formulated forthe multitude of non-anthropocentricapproaches. This section illustrates the kind ofreflections that follow from a nonanthropocentricapproach. It is inspired by thebiocentric considerations of Taylor (1986) anddeparts from the presumption that all entitieswith intrinsic value have equal value.67Not all types of conflicts identified in §4.3 canoccur between humans and nonhumans. Conflictsdealing with different understanding, differentjudgements, and different positions do not apply,because such conflicts require a high level of selfconsciousnessand abstraction, that is largelylacking outside the human realm. The mostcommon conflict type is the conflict betweendifferent precedences, i.e. between “me” and“you”, “those here” and “them there”, and “somefew” and “that many” in which the subjects nowalso include nonhuman entities.68In anthropocentrism non-human entities do notbelong to the same value category as humanbeings. Human beings are considered to have bothintrinsic and instrumental value, whereas otherentities only have instrumental value. In nonanthropocentricapproaches non-human entitiesalso have intrinsic value. It is a matter of muchdebate whether value differences exist within thecategory of intrinsic value, i.e. whether someentities are intrinsically more valuable thanothers, and what characteristics would inspire suchdifferences. The acceptance of differences couldimply that value graduations have also to be madebetween human beings, i.e. that some humanbeings have to be considered as intrinsically lessvaluable than others (Gorke 1999). See also §4.10.69Taylor 1986; cf. §5.5.70Cf. §4.9.
FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE145Surwold Meeting, Germany. Photo: Raimo Sopo, November 1997. (§ 1.3)The Murnauer Moos, one of the last living mires of Germany. Photo: Michael Succow,October 1997. (§ 2.3)
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WISE USEOF MIRES AND PEATLANDS -BAC
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT3CONTENTSGuide to
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT5References .....
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT7Peatlands are na
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT9use of the peatl
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GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT11a
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GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT13A
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GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT15b
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GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT17c
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INTRODUCTION19resources. These help
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INTRODUCTION211998 Peatlands Under
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INTRODUCTION23●●●●●●●
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS252.2 PEAT FORMA
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS27Table 2/1: Eco
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS29Figure 2/3: Hy
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS31peat formation
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS33Outside the tr
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS35decay in the c
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS37formed peat an
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS39
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS41differs in thi
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS43Sieffermann et
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VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
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Page 93 and 94: VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
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Page 129 and 130: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE129(2) Intern
Page 131 and 132: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE131National p
Page 133 and 134: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE133(8) Educat
Page 135 and 136: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE135the manage
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Page 139 and 140: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE139well-being
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Page 143: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE143knowledge
Page 147 and 148: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE147Peatland-l
Page 149 and 150: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE149Marine tra
Page 151 and 152: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE151Bog prepar
Page 153 and 154: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE153Peat-fired
Page 155 and 156: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE155Cattle on
Page 157 and 158: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE157Pristine p
Page 159 and 160: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE159Fire on a
Page 161 and 162: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE16171See §§
Page 163 and 164: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS163Ba
Page 165 and 166: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS165De
Page 167 and 168: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS167Fo
Page 169 and 170: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS169In
Page 171 and 172: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS171No
Page 173 and 174: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS173Pi
Page 175 and 176: GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS175So
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Page 179 and 180: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS179Lindsay, Richard
Page 181 and 182: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS181International Pe
Page 183 and 184: APPENDICES183APPENDICES
Page 185 and 186: APPENDIX I185Original 2002 2002Coun
Page 187 and 188: APPENDIX I187Philippines 300,000 10
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Page 193 and 194: APPENDIX I193The other important as
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APPENDIX 2195Region Methane emissio
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APPENDIX 2197A2.3 THE ROLE OF PEATL
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APPENDIX 21991200010000FensBogskg C
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APPENDIX 2201Total C in 10 9 gUndis
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APPENDIX 2203source of carbon dioxi
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APPENDIX 4205APPENDIX 4PATTERNS OF
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APPENDIX 4207license from the relev
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APPENDIX 52093. Quality of decision
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APPENDIX 6211APPENDIX 6CODE OF COND
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APPENDIX 7213APPENDIX 7INTERNATIONA
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APPENDICES2151Based on information
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REFERENCES217REFERENCESAardema, M.,
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REFERENCES219Bedford, B.L., 1999, C
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REFERENCES221morning. Hunting and n
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REFERENCES223Application of static
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REFERENCES225Amsterdam, pp. 35-65.F
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REFERENCES227beautiful). Proceeding
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REFERENCES229595 p.IPCC, 1995, Clim
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REFERENCES231der Sitten (Ed. by Kra
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REFERENCES233are you harvested. Rev
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REFERENCES235Marschner, H., 1995, M
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REFERENCES237wet relationship. Tran
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REFERENCES239Växtsociologiska Säl
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REFERENCES241Peatland, Sarawak, Mal
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REFERENCES243Schäfer, A., and Dege
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REFERENCES245Sirin, A.A., Minaeva T
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REFERENCES247Princeton University P
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REFERENCES249Kluwer Academic Publis
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REFERENCES251Event, p. 222.Whinam,
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INDEX253INDEXAAapa mire 30, 42, 81,
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INDEX255Arrhenius Svante 99Art/arti
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INDEX257Black peat 41, 54, 56, 58,
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INDEX259Carex canescens 27Carex ces
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INDEX261Cloud condensation nuclei 7
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INDEX263Cross purposes 103Cross-cou
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INDEX265Dutch Foundation for the Co
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INDEX267Eurasia 60, 75, 196Europe 3
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INDEX269Freedom from arbitrary arre
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INDEX271Growing media 51-53, 136, 1
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INDEX273Hydrologic characteristics
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INDEX275ISO 14001 136Isotope 169Iso
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INDEX277Lathyrus palustris 27Latk F
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INDEX279Management Guidelines 19, 2
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REFERENCES281Modifiers 120, 127-128
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REFERENCES283New Caledonia 191New Z
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REFERENCES285PPacific North West 71
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REFERENCES287Photochemically active
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REFERENCES289Product diversificatio
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REFERENCES291Research 100Research n
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REFERENCES293Scotland 58, 59, 98Sco
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REFERENCES295Song of the Peatbog So
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REFERENCES297Suspended solids 56, 8
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REFERENCES299Triglochin palustre 27
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REFERENCES301Verlandungsmoore 26Ver
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REFERENCES303Wool 57Works of art 83
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