wise use of mires and peatlands - Peatland Ecology Research Group

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118 VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERENT VALUES MEETperson -1 yr -1 (White & Lovett 1999).111Gren et al. 1995.112Costanza et al. 1997.113Thibodeau & Ostro 1981.114Thibodeau & Ostro 1981.115Hampicke & Schäfer 1997.116Costanza et al. 1997.117Costanza et al. 1997.118Costanza et al. 1997.119Costanza et al. 1997.120Using $2 – 35 kg -1 N (Gren 1995, Byström 1998)and emission rates of 7,540 – 49,600 kg N km -2y -1 (Gelbrecht et al. 2000).121Using $5 - 25 t -1 C (Tol 1999a) (with ratiosbetween the marginal costs of CO 2and those ofCH 4and N 2O equal to the global warmingpotentials of these gases, cf. Tol 1999b) and acumulative radiative forcing of 2,928 – 10,334CO 2-C-kg-equivalents ha -1 y -1 (Augustin 2001).The aggregated monetarised damage due toclimate change has been estimated at 1.5 to 2.0percent of World GNP; the OECD would lose 1.0to 1.5 percent of GDP; the developing countries2.0 to 9.0 percent. These figures are notcomprehensive and are highly uncertain. Recentstudies increasingly emphasise adaptation,variability, the rate of change, extreme events,other (non-climate change) stress factors, andthe need for integrated assessment of damages.As a result, differences in estimated impactsbetween regions and sectors have increased, themarket impacts in developed countries havetended to fall, and non-market impacts havebecome increasingly important.Whether it is fast or slow, climate change is likelyto have greater economic impacts on poorcountries than on rich countries. On the whole,market impacts fall relative to economic growthwhile non-market impacts rise relative to growth(http://www.gcrio.org/gwcc/toc.html).122Capital investment costs recalculated to annualcosts using an interest rate of 6%.123IPCC 1996.124Primavera 2000.125Primavera 2000.126See also discussions in Costanza et al. 1997.127Cf. the exclamation “my kingdom for a horse”in Shakespeare ’s King Richard III, V, iv, 7. Theanswer to the question: “How can you monetarise‘nature’, ‘biodiversity’, or ‘the environment’ “is simply: “you cannot”. The same answer,however, also applies to everyday necessities suchas food, drinking water, or shelter. To ask thequestion how much poorer the world would bewithout any food or without biodiversity is absurd(cf. Costanza et al 1997). In daily practice,however, a loaf of bread, a litre of water, and ahouse is replaceable and hence does have a price.Similarly a peatland can have a monetarised valuefor tourism, for education, for energy generation,etc., a price that is dependent on demand andscarcity (Mitsch & Gosselink 2000).128Cf. the recent discussions of the role of peatlandsin climate change (Gorham 1991, Franzén 1994,Crill et al. 2000).129Cf. MacGillivray 1998, who shows that even indepressed areas there is a strong appreciation thatthere is more to happiness, welfare or quality oflife than cash income. This appreciation includesa recognition of the value of such qualities ashealth, security, standard of living, education, andenvironment.130For example, one might accept the killing offarmed rabbits for eating while not accepting thekilling of a child’s pet rabbit. Cf. Brennan 1992.131Norton 1987.132I.e. in general, people dislike losing a benefit morethan they like gaining the same benefit.133Brennan 1992. There may, for example be largedifferences between the perspective of a personas a consumer and of the same person as a citizen,for example in her attitude towards rules andregulations. The decision to have or not to havepeat extracted in a country concerns the politicalquestion of what limits should be placed on thesatisfaction of consumer preferences. The decisionto buy a bag of compost containing peat, when itis available on the market, concerns merely thesatisfaction of individual preferences within theselimits (Cf. Norton 1987).A person in her role as palaeo-ecologist mayprefer the view of a bog while it is being exploited,because the exposure of peat profiles allowsoptimal access to stratigraphical information (cf.Casparie 1972, Barber 1981). The same personin her role as conservationist may prefer to seepristine bogs.134See §3.2.135Cf. §4.7.136Cf. the large sums currently spent on mirerestoration in West and Central Europeancountries which clearly show that present daysociety values things different from society only30 years ago.137Based on Costanza et al. 1998 and Hampicke2000b.138Cf. Rees (1998): “…at this critical stage of worlddevelopment, we must regard many of nature’sservices as we would an expensive yacht. If wehave to ask the price, we probably can’t affordit.”139Fear that “intermediate” generations might“hijack” the funds is no reason to refrain fromproviding them, because– our duty to mitigate the consequences of ouractions exists, independent of what futuregenerations may do. If they abuse the funds,they are responsible for the ensuing suffering.If we do not start to invest, we are;– instead of in bank accounts, we may as wellinvest in technical progress. This mightimprove the capacity to solve problems moreefficiently and is less reversible than thestockpiling of money (Hampicke 2000).140cf. Tol 1999b. See §5.6.5 (2).141The decision on the correct method ofdiscounting is independent of whether the presentgeneration is actually going to pay for futuredamages or not. If it appears after thoroughcalculation that the present costs are relatively
VALUES AND CONFLICTS: WHERE DIFFERENT VALUES MEET119small compared to the wealth of futuregenerations, we may well feel that theythemselves should pay for the problems we havecaused, a situation that we face with respect toproblems that former generations have left tous. Calculating the results of a hypotheticaltransfer helps estimate what can be expected fromfuture generations without being unjust(Hampicke 2000).142Cf. Clark 1973.143Cf. Hubbert 1976. Cf. Daly 1990: “Whensomething grows it gets bigger. When somethingdevelops it gets different. The earth ecosystemdevelops (evolves), but does not grow. Itssubsystem, the economy, must eventually stopgrowing, but can continue to develop. The term‘sustainable development’ therefore makes sensefor the economy, but only if it is understood as“development without growth” – i.e. qualitativeimprovement of a physical economic base thatis maintained in a steady state by a throughput ofmatter-energy, that is within the regenerativeand assimilative capacities of the ecosystem.Currently the term “sustainable development” isused as a synonym for the oxymoronic“sustainable growth”. It must be saved from thisperdition. … Even “green growth” is notsustainable. There is a limit to the population oftrees the earth can support, just as there is a limitto the population of humans and of automobiles.To delude ourselves into believing that growth isstill possible and desirable if only we label it“sustainable” or colour it “green” will just delaythe inevitable transition and make it morepainful.”144As long as there is general growth, there are nolosers: the investor who borrows money does notbecome poorer by paying interest if she investsthe loan in such a way that, allowing for theinterest, she is richer than before. In a societywhich is not physically growing it is impossiblefor everyone to gain by saving at compoundinterest. In those circumstances interest onlyfunctions as a mechanism of redistribution: themoney-lender is getting richer, but not society atlarge (Hampicke 2000).145Ott 2000.146Price 1993.147See §3.2.148Even the United Nations General Assemblyadopted a non-anthropocentric approach whenaffirming that “Every form of life is unique,warranting respect regardless of its worth to man”(World Charter on Nature 1982).149Cf. §3.2.150See also §4.5.151Brennan 1992.152Gorke 1999.153Gorke 1999, 2000154See also §3.2.155See Table 3/1 in §3.2.156A “naturalistic fallacy” means deriving a moralconclusion from a factual premise, i.e. derivingan “ought” statement from what is no more thanan “is” statement. Naturalistic fallacies arecommon in environmental argumentation. Someexamples:● “For 5000 years there was much more forest andmuch less mire. Therefore we have to changemires into forests again.” This conclusion wouldonly be valid when combined with a value premise,e.g. “in former times everything was better”.● “This mire contains the only population ofAquatic Warbler in the region and should thereforebe protected”. This conclusion is only valid whencombined with a value premise like “we mustprotect all species diversity in this region”.157Such an approach could be made operational indaily practice by adapting the (originallybiocentric) principles of Paul Taylor’s Respectfor Nature. See also §5.8.
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WISE USEOF MIRES AND PEATLANDS -BAC
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT3CONTENTSGuide to
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT5References .....
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT7Peatlands are na
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IMCG/IPS STATEMENT9use of the peatl
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GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT11a
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GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT13A
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GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DOCUMENT15b
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INTRODUCTION19resources. These help
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INTRODUCTION211998 Peatlands Under
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INTRODUCTION23●●●●●●●
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS252.2 PEAT FORMA
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS27Table 2/1: Eco
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS29Figure 2/3: Hy
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS31peat formation
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS33Outside the tr
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS35decay in the c
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS37formed peat an
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS39
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS41differs in thi
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MIRES AND PEATLANDS43Sieffermann et
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VALUES AND FUCTIONS OF MIRES AND PE
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Page 139 and 140: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE139well-being
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Page 149 and 150: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE149Marine tra
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Page 157 and 158: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE157Pristine p
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Page 161 and 162: FRAMEWORK FOR WISE USE16171See §§
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS169In
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS171No
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS173Pi
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS175So
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GLOSSARY OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS177Vo
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS179Lindsay, Richard
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS181International Pe
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APPENDICES183APPENDICES
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APPENDIX I185Original 2002 2002Coun
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APPENDIX I187Philippines 300,000 10
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APPENDIX I189Country Total area Pea
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APPENDIX I191Country Total area Pea
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APPENDIX I193The other important as
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APPENDIX 2195Region Methane emissio
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APPENDIX 2197A2.3 THE ROLE OF PEATL
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APPENDIX 21991200010000FensBogskg C
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APPENDIX 2201Total C in 10 9 gUndis
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APPENDIX 2203source of carbon dioxi
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APPENDIX 4205APPENDIX 4PATTERNS OF
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APPENDIX 4207license from the relev
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APPENDIX 52093. Quality of decision
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APPENDIX 6211APPENDIX 6CODE OF COND
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APPENDIX 7213APPENDIX 7INTERNATIONA
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APPENDICES2151Based on information
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REFERENCES217REFERENCESAardema, M.,
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REFERENCES219Bedford, B.L., 1999, C
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REFERENCES221morning. Hunting and n
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REFERENCES223Application of static
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REFERENCES225Amsterdam, pp. 35-65.F
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REFERENCES227beautiful). Proceeding
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REFERENCES229595 p.IPCC, 1995, Clim
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REFERENCES231der Sitten (Ed. by Kra
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REFERENCES233are you harvested. Rev
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REFERENCES235Marschner, H., 1995, M
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REFERENCES237wet relationship. Tran
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REFERENCES239Växtsociologiska Säl
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REFERENCES241Peatland, Sarawak, Mal
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REFERENCES243Schäfer, A., and Dege
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REFERENCES245Sirin, A.A., Minaeva T
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REFERENCES247Princeton University P
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REFERENCES249Kluwer Academic Publis
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REFERENCES251Event, p. 222.Whinam,
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INDEX253INDEXAAapa mire 30, 42, 81,
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INDEX255Arrhenius Svante 99Art/arti
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INDEX257Black peat 41, 54, 56, 58,
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INDEX259Carex canescens 27Carex ces
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INDEX261Cloud condensation nuclei 7
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INDEX263Cross purposes 103Cross-cou
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INDEX265Dutch Foundation for the Co
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INDEX267Eurasia 60, 75, 196Europe 3
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INDEX269Freedom from arbitrary arre
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INDEX271Growing media 51-53, 136, 1
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INDEX273Hydrologic characteristics
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INDEX275ISO 14001 136Isotope 169Iso
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INDEX277Lathyrus palustris 27Latk F
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INDEX279Management Guidelines 19, 2
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REFERENCES281Modifiers 120, 127-128
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REFERENCES283New Caledonia 191New Z
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REFERENCES285PPacific North West 71
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REFERENCES287Photochemically active
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REFERENCES289Product diversificatio
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REFERENCES291Research 100Research n
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REFERENCES293Scotland 58, 59, 98Sco
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REFERENCES295Song of the Peatbog So
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REFERENCES297Suspended solids 56, 8
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REFERENCES299Triglochin palustre 27
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REFERENCES301Verlandungsmoore 26Ver
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REFERENCES303Wool 57Works of art 83
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